尿道损伤的X线分类及临床应用
傅必成 苏汉忠 陈福全摘要 目的:评价尿道造影对尿道损伤临床分类及处理的价值。方法:对40例尿道损伤患者进行尿道造影及临床分类,并按其分类进行相应的处理。结果:行腔内处理及开放手术25例(Ⅱ~Ⅳ类),其尿道造影分类与手术所见对照,诊断符合率为100%。36例按临床分类治疗者中仅1例发生尿道狭窄,治愈率为97.2%。4例未按临床分类治疗者均发生尿道狭窄。结论:尿道造影对尿道损伤临床分类是一个无创、可靠的诊断方法,按此临床分类进行治疗,可减少尿道狭窄、阳萎的发生,提高尿道损伤的治愈率。
关键词 尿道损伤 尿道造影 治疗方案
Apply of classification of X-ray for urethral injury in clinic
FU Bi-cheng SHU Han-zhong CHEN Fu-quan
(Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen,Fujian,361004)
Abstract Purpose:To evaluate the value of urethrography in classification and management for urethral injury. Methods:Standard of X-ray diagnosis was adopted for clinical division.Retrograde urethrography was performed for 40 cases of urethral injury. Those patients were classified into 4 types according to X-ray features and managed upon accordant principle of our different treatments. Results:Urethrography was performed for 25 cases of urethral injury ,who were classified Ⅱ~Ⅳ types and were operated. Make a contrast classification of urethrography with finding during operation, diagnostic corresponding rate was 100%. 36 cases were managed upon our different treatments, 1 case of them had been urethral stricture. The cure rate had been 97.2%. 4 cases were not managed upon our different treatments and all had been urethral stricture.Conclusions:Retrograde urethrography was regarded as non-injured and reliable diagnostic methods for clinical division in urethral injury. It is necessary that urethrography be performed for a patient with urethral injury, who was classified with difficulty depending on traumatic history, symptoms and signs.So that the patient was managed better upon accordant principle of different treatments. Complications of urethral stricture and impotence were reduced and cure rate was increased.
Key words Urethral injury Urography Treatment protoclos
【编者按】 对尿道损伤目前有两种明确的、为泌尿界所接受的分类方法,即目前教科书上介绍的分为前尿道和后尿道损伤的分类法以及为了治疗上选择不同方法之便,由熊旭林等提出的四类分类法,即将尿道损伤依程度分为四类,一类为尿道粘膜损伤,二类为部分全层损伤(阴茎筋膜未破),三类为尿道全层损伤(阴茎筋膜破裂),四类为则为后尿道损伤。本文在熊氏分类的基础上将不同类型损伤的尿道造影X线表现与熊氏分类的病理解剖和临床表现进行了类比,使这一分类的诊断依据更充分,对临床上损伤分类有困难的病例很有帮助。但需要提及的是在尿道有创伤存在的情况下,尿管的插入,造影剂的注入,甚易招致感染和加重组织反应,更何况尿道腺本身就有寄生菌存在。因此,此项检查只适宜诊断有困难的病例,不提倡作为常规检查。
(陈晓春)
我院自1995年以来对40例尿道损伤患者行尿道造影,就尿道损伤的临床分类制定X线诊断标准,并据此临床分类及治疗方法进行研究,现报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料
本组40例均为男性,年龄11~61岁,平均23.4岁。其中打击伤8例,骑跨伤19例,骨盆骨折13例。临床表现:尿道滴血26例,血尿14例,排尿困难15例,尿潴留17例,皮肤青紫及血肿23例,尿外渗8例。
1.2 逆行尿道造影方法
患者右斜卧位45°或平卧时右髋屈曲,左髋伸直。将尿道内淤血轻轻挤出,注入20%泛影葡胺20~50 ml (加入庆大霉素2万u) ,在电视监视下见尿道显影良好,立即摄片。
1.3 尿道造影的X线分类诊断标准
根据熊旭林、梅真葆提出的尿道损伤临床分类〔1〕拟订X线分类诊断标准为:Ⅰ类损伤(尿道粘膜损伤),X线表现为尿道均显影,有时可见尿道粘膜不光滑,无造影剂外溢,造影剂可进入膀胱。Ⅱ类损伤(球部尿道海绵体部分全层断裂,阴茎筋膜未破裂),X线表现为尿道内造影剂外溢至尿道海绵体,可致海绵体显影,造影剂可进入膀胱。Ⅲ类损伤(球部尿道全层大部分或全部断裂,阴茎筋膜破裂),X线表现为尿道内造影剂外溢至尿道海绵体和会阴部组织中,造影剂能或不能进入膀胱。此类又分轻、重两型,轻型:球部尿道全层小部分破裂,会阴部小血肿,造影剂较少外溢;重型:球部尿道全层大部分破裂或断裂,会阴部大血肿,造影剂较多外溢或很少进入膀胱。Ⅳ类损伤(后尿道损伤均由骨盆骨折引起,尿道破裂或全部断裂),X线表现为有骨盆骨折,尿道显影在损伤处中断,造影剂外溢至会阴部或盆腔,有时阴茎、阴囊亦显影,造影剂不能进入膀胱。
1.4 治疗方法
根据上述临床X线分类标准,进行相对应的临床分类治疗方案如下:Ⅰ类损伤:无排尿困难者4例仅用抗生素预防感染1周;有排尿困难或出血较多者6例,留置F16~18导尿管1周,同时行抗生素治疗。Ⅱ类损伤:3例试插导尿管成功,留置导尿管2周,5例窥视下置入F18自制尿道支架管并作膀胱造口,留置导尿管3周以上。Ⅲ类损伤:2例行尿道修补术,1例行尿道吻合术,1例试插F18导尿管成功即行会阴部血肿引流术及膀胱穿刺造口术,置导尿管3周,1例试插F14导尿管成功,置导尿管2周,1例行尿道会师术,3例窥视下置入自制尿道支架及膀胱穿刺造口,置导尿管3周。Ⅳ类:10例行尿道会师牵引术,1例行尿道会师术,1例暂作膀胱穿刺造口术,以后二期作尿道修补术,1例试插F14导尿管成功,留置导尿管2周。
1.5 疗效判定
治愈:排尿通畅,尿线正常或接近正常,成年人可顺利通过F18以上尿道探子,并在术后6个月后可停止尿道扩张者。失败:自觉排尿费力,尿线细,尿道探难以通过或扩张仅能获短期效果。
2 结果
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