脑出血
脑出血Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH),也称为cerebral bleed,是发生在脑组织或心室中的一种颅内出血。症状可能包括头痛,单侧无力,呕吐,癫痫发作,意识水平下降和颈部僵硬。随着时间的流逝,症状通常会变得更糟。发烧也很常见。在许多情况下,脑组织和心室都有出血。原因包括脑外伤,动脉瘤,动静脉畸形和脑瘤。自发性出血的最大危险因素是高血压和淀粉样变性。其他危险因素包括酗酒,低胆固醇,血液稀释剂和可卡因使用。诊断通常通过CT扫描进行。可能类似出现的其他状况包括缺血性中风。
通常应在重症监护室进行治疗。指南建议将血压降至收缩压140 mmHg。如果可能,应稀释血液稀释剂,并将血糖保持在正常范围内。可以使用放置心室引流的手术来治疗脑积水,但不应使用皮质类固醇。在某些情况下,手术除血是有用的。
每年每10,000人中约有2.5人患有脑出血。它在男性和老年人中更常见。受影响的人中约有44%在一个月内死亡。大约20%的受影响者有良好的预后。脑出血是由于血流不足而首先与中风区分开来的,在1823年被称为“泄漏和堵塞”。
自发性脑出血的CT扫描,渗入侧脑室
内容
1 体征和症状
2 原因
3 诊断
3.1 位置
4 治疗
4.1 用药
4.2 手术
5 预后
6 流行病学
7 历史
8 研究
9 参考
体征和症状
脑内出血的人的症状与出血所致的大脑区域控制的功能相对应。 其他症状还包括那些由于对大脑施加大量压力而导致颅内压升高的症状。 由于症状和体征的相似性,经常将脑内出血误诊为蛛网膜下腔出血。 重度头痛后呕吐是脑出血的较常见症状之一。 塌陷是另一种症状。 有些人可能会不断从耳朵流血。 有些患者在注意到出血之前也可能进入昏迷状态。
原因
轴向CT扫描显示颅后窝有出血
脑出血是中风的第二大常见原因,占中风住院人数的10%。高血压使自发性脑出血的风险增加了两到六倍。实质内出血在成年人中比在儿童中普遍得多,通常是由于穿透性头部创伤所致,但也可能是由于颅骨凹陷性骨折所致。加减速创伤,动脉瘤破裂或动静脉畸形(AVM)以及肿瘤内出血是其他原因。淀粉样血管病是55岁以上患者脑出血的常见原因。很小一部分是由于脑静脉窦血栓形成。
ICH的危险因素包括:
高血压(high blood pressure)
糖尿病
绝经
过量饮酒
严重偏头痛
吸烟可能是危险因素,但关联性较弱。
创伤性脑内血肿分为急性和迟发性。受伤时会发生急性脑内血肿,而据报道迟发性脑内血肿从受伤后的6小时到长达数周不等。
诊断
自发性ICH伴脑积水的CT扫描
计算机断层造影血管造影(CTA)和磁共振血管造影(MRA)均已被证明可有效诊断ICH后颅内血管畸形。如此频繁地,将执行CT血管造影以排除出血的第二原因或检测“斑点征兆”。
实质内出血可在CT扫描上识别出来,因为血液看起来比其他组织更亮,并且通过脑组织与颅骨内表分开。由于水肿,出血周围的组织通常密度不如大脑其他部分,因此在CT扫描中显示为较暗。
位置
当由于高血压而引起的脑出血通常发生在壳核(50%)或丘脑(15%),大脑(10-20%),小脑(10-13%),脑桥(7-15%)或脑干其他部位(1-6%)。
治疗
治疗很大程度上取决于ICH的类型。快速CT扫描和其他诊断措施可用于确定适当的治疗方法,包括药物治疗和手术治疗。
意识水平下降或其他气道阻塞风险的患者应进行气管插管。
使用等渗而非低渗液体给予静脉输液以维持液体平衡。
药物
一项评论发现,在急性期降低血压的抗高血压治疗似乎可以改善预后。其他评论发现,在强化和不强化血压控制之间存在不清楚的差异。 2015年,美国心脏协会和美国中风协会指南建议将血压降至SBP 140 mmHg。然而,从2015年开始,证据发现暂定有用。
在4小时内给予VIIa因子可限制出血和血肿的形成。但是,这也增加了血栓栓塞的风险。因此,在没有血友病的患者中,总体而言,它不会导致更好的结果。
如果发生凝血病,可给予冷冻血浆,维生素K,鱼精蛋白或血小板输注。然而,在使用抗血小板药物自发性脑出血的患者中,血小板似乎会使预后恶化。
如果发生癫痫发作或大叶出血,则应服用磷苯妥英或其他抗惊厥药。
通常给予H2拮抗剂或质子泵抑制剂以试图预防应激性溃疡(与ICH相关的疾病)。
皮质类固醇被认为可减少肿胀。但是,在大型对照研究中,已发现皮质类固醇会增加死亡率,因此不再推荐使用。
手术
如果血肿大于3厘米(1英寸),并且年轻患者存在结构性血管病变或大叶出血,则需要进行手术。
可以将导管穿入脑血管以封闭或扩张血管,避免侵入性外科手术。
尽管成功的报道有限,但通过立体定向手术或内镜下引流术可用于基底神经节出血。
可能会进行颅骨切除术,将颅骨的一部分切除以使肿胀的脑部空间扩大而不会受到挤压。
预后
当创伤发生在脑干中时,由于脑实质内出血引起的死亡风险特别高。延髓内的实质内出血几乎总是致命的,因为它们会损害颅神经X(迷走神经),后者在血液循环和呼吸中起重要作用。这种出血也可能发生在皮质或皮质下区域,通常是由于头部受伤而有时在额叶或颞叶,有时在小脑。
对于CT扫描发现的自发性ICH,在受到伤害后30天,死亡率(死亡率)为34-50%,一半的死亡发生在头2天。即使大多数死亡发生在ICH后的头几天,幸存者的长期超额死亡率仍比普通人群高27%。
流行病学
它占美国所有脑血管疾病病例的20%,仅次于脑血栓形成(40%)和脑栓塞(30%)。
历史
脑出血是由于血流不足而首先与中风区分开来的,在1823年被称为“泄漏和堵塞”。
研究
中风引发的炎症反应在早期被认为是有害的,主要集中在血源性白细胞,嗜中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞,以及小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞。一项人体尸检研究表明,ICH较早发生炎症,并持续数天。调节小胶质细胞激活和极化可能减轻脑出血引起的脑损伤并改善脑修复。肥大细胞在ICH中的作用是一个新的关注领域。
参考
Hemphill JC, 3rd; Greenberg, SM; Anderson, CS; Becker, K; Bendok, BR; Cushman, M; Fung, GL; Goldstein, JN; Macdonald, RL; Mitchell, PH; Scott, PA; Selim, MH; Woo, D; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology (July 2015). "Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association". Stroke: A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 46 (7): 2032–60. doi:10.1161/str.0000000000000069. PMID 26022637.
Caceres, JA; Goldstein, JN (August 2012). "Intracranial hemorrhage". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 30 (3): 771–94. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2012.06.003. PMC 3443867. PMID 22974648.
Naidich, Thomas P.; Castillo, Mauricio; Cha, Soonmee; Smirniotopoulos, James G. (2012). Imaging of the Brain, Expert Radiology Series,1: Imaging of the Brain. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 387. ISBN 978-1416050094. Archived from the original on 2016-10-02.
Ko, SB; Yoon, BW (December 2017). "Blood Pressure Management for Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke: The Evidence". Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 38 (6): 718–725. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1608777. PMID 29262429.
Hennerici, Michael (2003). Imaging in Stroke. Remedica. p. 1. ISBN 9781901346251. Archived from the original on 2016-10-02.
Vinas FC and Pilitsis J. 2006. "Penetrating Head Trauma." Archived 2005-09-13 at the Wayback Machine Emedicine.
Yadav YR, Mukerji G, Shenoy R, Basoor A, Jain G, Nelson A (2007). "Endoscopic management of hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus". BMC Neurol. 7: 1. doi:10.1186/1471-2377-7-1. PMC 1780056. PMID 17204141.
Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. (January 2013). "Heart disease and stroke statistics--2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association". Circulation. 127 (1): e6–e245. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828124ad. PMC 5408511. PMID 23239837.
McCaffrey P. 2001. "The Neuroscience on the Web Series: CMSD 336 Neuropathologies of Language and Cognition." Archived 2005-11-25 at the Wayback Machine California State University, Chico. Retrieved on June 19, 2007.
Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education and Development. 2004. "Overview of Adult Traumatic Brain Injuries." Archived 2008-02-27 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
Shepherd S. 2004. "Head Trauma." Archived 2005-10-26 at the Wayback Machine Emedicine. Retrieved on June 19, 2007.
Feldmann, Edward; Broderick, Joseph P.; Kernan, Walter N.; Viscoli, Catherine M.; Brass, Lawrence M.; Brott, Thomas; Morgenstern, Lewis B.; Lee Wilterdink, Janet; Horwitz, Ralph I. (2005). "Major Risk Factors for Intracerebral Hamorrhage in the Young Are Modifiable". Stroke. 36 (9): 1881–5. doi:10.1161/01.str.0000177480.62341.6b. PMID 16081867.
Carhuapoma, J. Ricardo; Mayer, Stephan A.; Hanley, Daniel F. (2009). Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-521-87331-4.
Josephson, Colin B; White, Philip M; Krishan, Ashma; Al-Shahi Salman, Rustum (1 September 2014). "Computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance angiography for detection of intracranial vascular malformations in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage". The Cochrane Library. 9 (9): CD009372. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009372.pub2. PMC 6544803. PMID 25177839.
Yeung R, Ahmad T, Aviv RI, Noel de Tilly L, Fox AJ, Symons SP (2009). "Comparison of CTA to DSA in determining the etiology of spontaneous ICH". Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 36 (2): 176–180. doi:10.1017/s0317167100006533. PMID 19378710.
Greenberg, Mark S. (2016). Handbook of Neurosurgery. ISBN 9781626232419.
Prayson, Richard A. (2012). Neuropathology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 49. ISBN 978-1437709490. Archived from the original on 2017-03-12.
eMedicine Specialties > Neurology > Neurological Emergencies > Intracranial Haemorrhage: Treatment & Medication. Archived 2009-03-12 at the Wayback Machine By David S Liebeskind, MD. Updated: Aug 7, 2006
Tsivgoulis, G; Katsanos, AH; Butcher, KS; Boviatsis, E; Triantafyllou, N; Rizos, I; Alexandrov, AV (21 October 2014). "Intensive blood pressure reduction in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: A meta-analysis". Neurology. 83 (17): 1523–9. doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000917. PMID 25239836.
Ma, J; Li, H; Liu, Y; You, C; Huang, S; Ma, L (2015). "Effects of Intensive Blood Pressure Lowering on Intracerebral Hemorrhage Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Turkish Neurosurgery. 25 (4): 544–51. doi:10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.9270-13.0 (inactive 2020-05-21). PMID 26242330.
Boulouis, Gregoire; Morotti, Andrea; Goldstein, Joshua N.; Charidimou, Andreas (1 April 2017). "Intensive blood pressure lowering in patients with acute intracerebral haemorrhage: clinical outcomes and haemorrhage expansion. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 88 (4): 339–345. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2016-315346. ISSN 1468-330X. PMID 28214798.
Ma, J; Li, H; Liu, Y; You, C; Huang, S; Ma, L (2015). "Effects of Intensive Blood Pressure Lowering on Intracerebral Hemorrhage Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Turkish Neurosurgery. 25 (4): 544–51. doi:10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.9270-13.0 (inactive 2020-05-21). PMID 26242330.
Yuan, ZH; Jiang, JK; Huang, WD; Pan, J; Zhu, JY; Wang, JZ (June 2010). "A meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII for patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage without hemophilia". Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 17 (6): 685–93. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2009.11.020. PMID 20399668.
Al-Shahi Salman, R; Law, ZK; Bath, PM; Steiner, T; Sprigg, N (17 April 2018). "Haemostatic therapies for acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4: CD005951. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005951.pub4. PMC 6494564. PMID 29664991.
Roberts, Ian; Yates, David; Sandercock, Peter; Farrell, Barbara; Wasserberg, Jonathan (9 October 2016). "Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days in 10008 adults with clinically significant head injury (MRC CRASH trial): randomised placebo-controlled trial". Lancet. 364 (9442): 1321–1328. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17188-2. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 15474134.
Edwards, P; Arango, M; Balica, L; Cottingham, R; El-Sayed, H (2005). "Final results of MRC CRASH, a randomised placebo-controlled trial of intravenous corticosteroid in adults with head injury-outcomes at 6 months". Lancet. 365 (9475): 1957–9. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66552-x. PMID 15936423.
Cedars-Sinai Health System - Cerebral Hemorrhages Archived 2009-03-12 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 02/25/2009
Sanders MJ and McKenna K. 2001. Mosby's Paramedic Textbook, 2nd revised Ed. Chapter 22, "Head and Facial Trauma." Mosby.
Graham DI and Gennareli TA. Chapter 5, "Pathology of Brain Damage After Head Injury" Cooper P and Golfinos G. 2000. Head Injury, 4th Ed. Morgan Hill, New York.
Broderick, J.; Connolly, S.; Feldmann, E.; Hanley, D.; Kase, C.; Krieger, D.; Mayberg, M.; Morgenstern, L.; Ogilvy, C. S.; Vespa, P.; Zuccarello, M. (3 May 2007). "Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults: 2007 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists". Stroke. 38 (6): 2001–2023. doi:10.1161/strokeaha.107.183689. PMID 17478736.
Hansen, B.M.; Nilsson O.G.; Anderson H; et al. (Oct 2013). "Long term (13 years) prognosis after primary intracerebral haemorrhage: a prospective population based study of long term mortality, prognostic factors and causes of death". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 84 (10): 1150–1155. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2013-305200. PMID 23715913. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22.
Page 117 in: Henry S. Schutta; Lechtenberg, Richard (1998). Neurology practice guidelines. New York: M. Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-0104-8.
Wang J (December 2010). "Preclinical and clinical research on inflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage". Prog. Neurobiol. 92 (4): 463–77. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.08.001. PMC 2991407. PMID 20713126.
Wu H, Zhang Z, Hu X, Zhao R, Song Y, Ban X, Qi J, Wang J (2010). "Dynamic changes of inflammatory markers in brain after hemorrhagic stroke in humans: a postmortem study". Brain Research. 1342 (1342): 111–1117. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.033. PMC 2885522. PMID 20420814.
Lan X, Han X, Li Q, Yang QW, Wang J (2017). "Modulators of microglial activation and polarization after intracerebral haemorrhage". Nat Rev Neurol. 13 (7): 420–433. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.69. PMC 5575938. PMID 28524175.
Johannes Lindsberg, Perttu; Strbian, Daniel; Karjalainen-Lindsberg, Marja-Liisa (2010). "Mast Cells as Early Responders in the Regulation of Acute Blood–Brain Barrier Changes after Cerebral Ischemia and Hemorrhage". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 30 (4): 689–702. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2009.282. PMC 2949160. PMID 20087366. Archived from the original on 2010-06-08. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
页:
[1]