理想的超低位手术应该能够彻底祛除疾病,允许结肠肛管吻合术在直视下安全进行,并且完整保留肛门括约肌构造。最近由Williams教授发明了一种经前会阴超低位直肠前切除术,简称为APPEAR手术(Anterior Perineal PlanE for Ultra-low Anterior Resection of the Rectum,APPEAR)[27]。这个手术经腹部分是与普通的前切除术相同,分离直肠至前列腺水平后,由前部经会阴路径切开会阴部,在直视下离断盆底肌,在肛提肌所包围直肠最末端的2-3厘米这个平面以上进行会阴部操作;在切口处将所有的拟切断结肠、直肠拖出,直视下离断远端直肠,直视下进行吻合。我们在国内率先开展了7例APPEAR手术,体会是:该术式类似于半mile’s:即完成腹部分离后,在决定行mile’s手术前,不妨先从前会阴部做倒“U”型切口,直视下完成会阴部分离,检查肿瘤是否侵犯外括约肌,以及直视下离断直肠后是否达到远切缘2cm的要求。如果不可行,再行mile’s。该手术拓宽了保肛手术的范围,如果结合新辅助治疗,相信有许多以往必须切除肛门的病例得以保留了。
超低位吻合保肛术的概念和远侧切除范围完整的排便功能基于直肠储粪功能、肛管直肠感觉功能和肛管直肠环括约功能三个因素。保肛术是保留肛门部结构, 即保留完整的肛管直肠环和肛管皮肤, 以保持健全的括约功能和感觉反射。直肠癌施行超低位吻合保肛术的焦点问题是癌肿远侧需切除多少正常肠管及周围软组织。以往认为远侧肠管切除至少5 cm , 即“5 cm 原则”。低位直肠癌切除远侧肠管5 cm 范围常需包括肛管, 促使国内外学者对直肠癌逆向浸润及扩散规律进行了大量的病理学和临床随机对比研究。目前已明确腹膜返折下直肠的淋巴引流是向上、向侧方扩散, 无向下扩散;直肠癌远侧肠管切除2 cm以上已经足够; 符合保肛术适应证的低位直肠癌不会因施行M iles 术而增加其5 年生存率。
Dukes C 期患者如欲保肛, 则应进行术前或术后的盆腔放疗。因骨盆解剖限制, 在盆底深部施行超低位吻合常有一定难度, 故应根据具体情况选择适宜的吻合对肛提肌上直肠残端长1~ 2 cm 且骨盆宽大显露满意者, 应首选符合生理功能的D ixon 术。由于吻合器、闭合器均有一定的体积, 对骨盆狭小或肥胖的患者, 即便使用双吻合器亦难将1~ 2cm 长且深藏盆底的直肠残端与近端结肠吻合, 此时宜选用W elch 术、Park s 术或APPEAR术。
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