结核分枝杆菌复合体(MTBC)包括另外四种引起结核分枝杆菌:M. bovis,M。africanum,M。canetti和M. microti。[30] M. africanum并不普遍,但它是非洲部分地区结核病的重要原因。[31] [32] M. bovis曾经是结核病的常见原因,但巴氏杀菌牛奶的引入几乎完全消除了这在发达国家的公共卫生问题。[12] [33] M. canetti是罕见的,似乎仅限于非洲之角,尽管在非洲移民中发现了一些案例。[34] [35] M. microti也很少见,几乎只见于免疫缺陷人群,尽管其患病率可能被低估了。[36]
虽然理查德莫顿于1689年确定了与结节相关的肺部形态,[121] [122]由于其症状的多样性,直到19世纪20年代,结核病才被确定为单一疾病。直到1839年,J.L.Schönlein才将其命名为“结核病”。[123]在1838年至1845年期间,猛犸洞的所有者约翰·克罗汉博士带来了许多结核病患者进入洞穴,希望通过洞穴空气的恒定温度和纯度来治愈疾病;他们在一年内去世。[124] Hermann Brehmer于1859年在西里西亚的Görbersdorf(现为Sokołowsko)开设了第一家结核病疗养院。[125]
Albert Calmette和CamilleGuérin在1906年使用减毒牛应变结核病取得了第一次真正的结核病免疫接种成功。它被称为bacille Calmette-Guérin(BCG)。 BCG疫苗于1921年在法国首次用于人类[128],但仅在第二次世界大战后才在美国,英国和德国得到广泛接受。[129]
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