到19世纪末,病毒的定义是它们的传染性,过滤能力以及对宿主的需求。病毒只在植物和动物中生长。 1906年,罗斯格兰维尔哈里森发明了一种在淋巴中培养组织的方法,1913年,E。Steinhardt,C。Israel和R. A. Lambert使用这种方法在豚鼠角膜组织的碎片中培养痘苗病毒。[28] 1928年,H。B. Maitland和M. C. Maitland在剁碎的母鸡肾脏的悬浮液中生长了痘苗病毒。他们的方法直到20世纪50年代才被广泛采用,当时脊髓灰质炎病毒大规模种植用于疫苗生产。[29]
另一个突破发生在1931年,当时美国病理学家欧内斯特威廉古德帕斯特和爱丽丝迈尔斯伍德拉夫在受精鸡蛋中生长了流感和其他几种病毒。[30] 1949年,John Franklin Enders,Thomas Weller和Frederick Robbins在培养的人类胚胎细胞中培养脊髓灰质炎病毒,这是第一种不使用固体动物组织或卵子生长的病毒。这项工作使Jonas Salk能够制造有效的脊髓灰质炎疫苗。[31]
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