从古代就怀疑可能存在看不见的微生物生命,例如公元前6世纪印度的耆那教经文和公元前1世纪的马克斯·特伦提乌斯瓦罗的“农业”一书。微生物学,微生物的科学研究,始于16世纪70年代由Antonie van Leeuwenhoek在显微镜下观察。在19世纪50年代,路易斯巴斯德发现微生物导致食物腐烂,揭穿了自发生成的理论。在19世纪80年代,罗伯特科赫发现微生物导致了结核病,霍乱和炭疽病。
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