与麻醉管理直接相关的死亡率非常罕见,但可能由胃内容物的肺吸入,[23]窒息,[24]或过敏反应引起[25]。这些反过来可能是由麻醉相关设备的故障引起的,或者更常见的是人为错误。 1978年的一项研究发现,82%的可预防麻醉事故是人为错误造成的。[26]在1954年1948年至1952年期间美国10家医院的599,548例外科手术检查中,384例死亡归因于麻醉,总死亡率为0.064%。[27] 1984年,美国麻醉师埃里森·皮尔斯(Ellison C. Pierce)在美国麻醉师协会麻醉病人安全和风险管理委员会任命美国麻醉医师协会麻醉病人安全和风险管理委员会。该委员会的任务是确定和减少与麻醉相关的发病率和死亡率的原因。[28]这个委员会的成员,麻醉患者安全基金会,成立于1985年,是一家独立的非营利性公司,其目标是“没有患者会受到麻醉的伤害”。[29]
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