历史
1978年在Pauline R. Clance博士和Suzanne A. Imes博士的文章“高成就女性中的冒名顶替现象:动力学和治疗干预”中引入了冒名顶替现象这一术语[4]。 Clance和Imes将冒名顶替现象定义为自我感知的知识分子(欺诈)的个体体验。研究人员采访了150名成绩优异的女性,调查了这种内部体验的流行程度。所有参与者都因其同事的专业水平以及所获学位的学术成就以及标准化测试的最高排名得到正式认可。[4]尽管有一致的外部验证证据,但这些女性缺乏对其成就的内部认可。参与者解释了他们的成功是如何运气的,而其他人只是高估了他们的智力和能力。 Clance和Imes认为,这种冒名顶替现象的心理框架是由以下因素产生的:性别刻板印象,早期家庭动态,文化和归因方式。研究人员确定,经历过冒充现象的女性表现出与抑郁,全身焦虑和自信心低有关的症状。[4]
玛雅安吉洛[16]
艾玛沃特森[17]
汤姆汉克斯[18]
Michelle Pfeiffer [19]
查克洛瑞[20]
尼尔盖曼[21] [22]
约翰格林[引证需要]
Tommy Cooper [23] [需要页面]
谢丽尔桑德伯格[引证需要]
索尼娅索托马约尔[24]
Mike Cannon-Brookes [25]
亨利罗林斯[26]
海莉·威廉姆斯[27]
米歇尔奥巴马[28]
另见
Psychology portal
Dunning–Kruger effect – a cognitive bias wherein people of non-average ability (both high and low) see themselves as a bit above average
Explanatory style – how people typically explain events to themselves
Illusory superiority – a cognitive bias whereby a person overestimates their own qualities and abilities
Inner critic
"Fakin' It" (Simon & Garfunkel song) – 60s-era pop/rock song on the subject
Jonah complex – the fear of success which prevents the realisation of one's potential
Mindset
Poseur
Self-handicapping
Setting up to fail § Setting oneself up to fail
Tall poppy syndrome – aspects of a culture where people of high status are resented for having been viewed as superior to their peers
参考:
Langford, Joe; Clance, Pauline Rose (Fall 1993). "The impostor phenomenon: recent research findings regarding dynamics, personality and family patterns and their implications for treatment" (PDF). Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training. 30 (3): 495–501. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.30.3.495. Studies of college students (Harvey, 1981; Bussotti, 1990; Langford, 1990), college professors (Topping, 1983), and successful professionals (Dingman, 1987) have all failed, however, to reveal any sex differences in impostor feelings, suggesting that males in these populations are just as likely as females to have low expectations of success and to make attributions to non-ability related factors.
Sakulku, J.; Alexander, J. (2011). "The Impostor Phenomenon". International Journal of Behavioral Science. 6: 73–92. doi:10.14456/ijbs.2011.6.
Lebowitz, Shana (12 January 2016). "Men are suffering from a psychological phenomenon that can undermine their success, but they're too ashamed to talk about it". businessinsider.com. Business Insider. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Clance, Pauline R.; Imes, Suzanne A. (Fall 1978). "The Impostor Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention" (PDF). Psychotherapy Theory, Research and Practice. 15 (3). doi:10.1037/h0086006.
Corkindale, Gill. "Overcoming Imposter Syndrome". Harvard Business Review. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
Hoang, Queena (January 2013). "The Impostor Phenomenon: Overcoming Internalized Barriers and Recognizing Achievements". The Vermont Connection. 34, Article 6. – via http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/tvc/vol34/iss1/6.
Kumar, S.; Jagacinski, C.M. (2006). "Impostors have goals too: The impostor phenomenon and its relationship to achievement goal theory". Personality and Individual Differences. 40 (1): 147–157.
Royse Roskowki, Jane C. (2010). "Impostor Phenomenon and Counselling Self-Efficacy: The Impact of Impostor Feelings". Ball State University.
Ravindran, Sandeep (November 15, 2016). "Feeling Like A Fraud: The Impostor Phenomenon in Science Writing". The Open Notebook.
Cokley; et al. "An Examination if the Impact of Minority Status Stress and Impostor Feelings on the Mental Health of Diverse Ethnic Minority College Students". Journal of Multicultural Counselling and Development. 41, 82-95.
Matthews, Gail; Clance, Pauline Rose (February 1985). "Treatment of the impostor phenomenon in psychotherapy clients". Psychotherapy in Private Practice. 3 (1): 71–81. doi:10.1300/J294v03n01_09.
Leahy, Robert L. (2005). "Work worries: What if I really mess up?". The worry cure: seven steps to stop worry from stopping you. New York: Harmony Books. pp. 273–290 (274). ISBN 1400097657. OCLC 57531355. Discusses treatment of impostor syndrome with cognitive therapy.
Harris, Russ (2011). The confidence gap: a guide to overcoming fear and self-doubt. Boston: Trumpeter. ISBN 9781590309230. OCLC 694394371. Discusses treatment of impostor syndrome with acceptance and commitment therapy.
Clance, Pauline Rose; Dingman, Debbara; Reviere, Susan L.; Stober, Dianne R. (June 1995). "Impostor phenomenon in an interpersonal/social context". Women & Therapy. 16 (4): 79–96 (87). doi:10.1300/J015v16n04_07. One of the most exciting and effective treatment modalities for women struggling with the impostor phenomenon is group psychotherapy.
Lowman, Rodney L. (1993). "Fear of success and fear of failure". Counseling and psychotherapy of work dysfunctions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. pp. 74–82 (81). doi:10.1037/10133-004. ISBN 155798204X. OCLC 27812757. Group treatment programs have reported positive results in lowering FOF [fear of failure] (Rajendran & Kaliappan, 1990). The value of groups in countering the so-called impostor phenomenon, in which an individual feels that he or she has succeeded inappropriately and will soon be "found out" to be a fraud, has also been reported (Clance & O'Toole, 1987; J. A. Steinberg, 1986).
Richards, Carl (October 26, 2015). "Learning to Deal With the Impostor Syndrome". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-12-15. I have written 11 books, but each time I think, 'Uh oh, they're going to find out now. I've run a game on everybody, and they're going to find me out.'
"Emma Watson: I suffered from imposter syndrome after Harry Potter Now magazine". Now Magazine. 2011.
Hanks, Tom. "Tom Hanks Says Self-Doubt Is 'A High-Wire Act That We All Walk'". NPR.org. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
Aronofsky, Darren. "Michelle Pfeiffer". Wmagazine.com. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
High achievers suffering from imposter syndrome News.com Dec 10 2013
Neil Gaiman's commencement speech to the University of the arts graduating class of 2012 Philadelphia,
Ha, Thu-Huong (May 15, 2017). "Neil Gaiman has the perfect anecdote to soothe anyone with impostor syndrome". Quartz. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
Fisher, John (2007) [2006]. Tommy Cooper: always leave them laughing. London: Harper. ISBN 9780007215119. OCLC 174093089.
Women who feel like frauds Forbes October 2011
Atlassian billionaire Mike Cannon-Brookes on 'imposter syndrome', Tesla and the SA power crisis
Rogan, Joe (August 9, 2018). "Joe Rogan (Podcast Site) Episode 1155". Joe Rogan (Podcast Site). Retrieved 2018-08-15.
"Behind the Brand".
"Michelle Obama: 'I still have impostor syndrome'". BBC News. Retrieved 4 December 2018.