3.诊断调查
根据世界卫生组织(WHO),血红蛋白浓度分别低于13和12 g / dL的成年男性和女性被认为是贫血(怀孕期间<11 g / dL)[31]。然而,除了性别和怀孕之外,确定贫血状态的阈值取决于年龄,海拔高度和种族等因素。缺铁和贫血的诊断基于血红蛋白浓度的测量,但是对于IBD患者的诊断检查和定制最佳治疗需要一些额外的基础分析[29,38,65]。在扩张IBD期间,铁状态的测量可能难以解释,因为与铁代谢相关的参数受炎症本身的影响[66]。
最近,一项儿童研究表明补充维生素D有助于提高血红蛋白水平。与血浆25(OH)D浓度高于30的个体相比,血浆浓度低于30 ng / mL的25-羟基维生素D(25(OH)D)(即维生素D缺乏)与铁调素浓度增加和血红蛋白浓度降低有关。 ng / mL [100]。由于维生素D缺乏在IBD中很常见[101]并且因为维生素D已被证明可抑制铁调素表达[102]并且在IBD患者的临床过程中具有重要的免疫效果[103,104,105],维生素D的正常化是对于提高这些患者的血红蛋白水平很重要。具体而言,维生素D与铁调素(hepcidin抗菌肽,HAMP)的启动子区域中的维生素D应答元件(VDRE)结合,从而降低铁调素表达[102,106,107,108]。补充维生素D的健康成人使铁调素水平降低了73%[109]并且每天服用高达100,000 IU的维生素D持续5天后重症患者的血红蛋白水平显着增加[107]。这些最近的研究结果强调了维生素D在贫血症中的重要性(图2)。
静脉内铁化合物的最佳剂量策略取决于制剂的类型,患者的体重和血红蛋白浓度。校正血红蛋白所需的铁量可以使用Ganzoni方程[181]计算,通常被认为是金标准,尽管这个公式可能低估了当目标血红蛋白为13 g / dL和储存铁为500 mg时所需的铁用于确定个体铁缺乏[129]。由于这个公式在临床实践中不方便[129,144],已经公布了更简单的总铁需求估算方案[38,182],包括一个简单的方案来预测铁羧基麦芽糖的个体铁需求[142],也可用于临床给予其他静脉注射铁剂的实践[38]。值得一提的是,缺铁性贫血患者即使静脉注射铁剂也没有反应(即4周内血红蛋白增加≤2g / dL),在排除其他贫血原因后,还需要重组红细胞生成刺激剂。作为维生素缺乏症[183,184,185]。
7.2.铁补充后患者的监测
最后但同样重要的是,应该记住,补充铁后,IBD中的铁缺乏常复发[143]。因此,定期监测,例如,治疗期间每3个月一次,一旦血红蛋白值正常化并且铁储备得到补充(即预防性治疗),一年后再次定期监测,对评估是否需要再治疗至关重要[73]。这种积极的贫血管理概念不仅可以改善IBD患者的生活质量,而且可以带来经济效益。然而,我们缺乏关于何时停止补铁治疗的可靠数据,以避免铁过载,这可能由于铁催化形成有毒自由基而引起副作用[31]。最近关于透析患者贫血管理的指南表明,铁蛋白水平高达500 ng / mL似乎是安全的,这也可能是IBD和贫血患者管理中有用的上限[186]。
鉴于过去十年内引入的新型静脉注射高剂量铁替代方案,对于静息疾病阶段轻度和无并发症缺铁性贫血(血红蛋白≥10g / dL)的IBD患者,首选口服铁治疗除非先前的并发症已经过观察到,包括反应不充分(4周内血红蛋白增加<2 g / dL)[195]。对于加重缺铁性贫血或扩张IBD(血红蛋白<10 g / dL)的患者,静脉补铁可能是有利的,因为炎症会阻碍肠道铁的吸收[27,196,197]。此外,根据现有数据,铁疗法可与TNF抑制剂同时给药[198],这是一类广泛用于IBD治疗的药物[199]。当使用静脉注射铁制剂时,医生必须注意输注相关的副作用和低磷血症的风险。此外,迫切需要对患有更晚期炎症的患者进行静脉内铁制剂的功效研究。
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