Alex Mold表明,在20世纪60年代和70年代,患者被重新定位为英国医疗保健领域的政治角色。扁桃体切除术同时被重新定位,与医疗,政治和道德投诉相关联。在战后的英国,这项行动变得更加明显,分裂和有力,因为它违反了其学科界限,并与儿童的焦虑和童年的意义联系在一起。虽然NAWCH最初并不是一个自我认同的消费者群体,但它强调了患者和家庭的自主权,并纠结了实际考虑因素,关注儿童患者的心理健康。这与性别假设相关,即照顾生病儿童的责任属于母亲范围。 126 随着医学界对缺乏有关扁桃体切除术的证据的自我意识,发生了患者代理的变化。在NHS危机的背景下,甚至对常规程序进行了详细审查,并且扁桃体问题获得了显著的政治显著性。这鼓励通过MRC进行国家赞助的研究,MRC的任务是一劳永逸地解决问题。
参考:
‘A Wicked Operation’? Tonsillectomy in Twentieth-Century Britain
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115. Ibid., 13.
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128. Letter from Robin Pinsent to Harold Himsworth, The National Archives (hereafter ‘TNA’), FD23/619 (28 March 1957).
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130. Jeanne Daly, Evidence-Based Medicine and the Search for a Science of Clinical Care (Berkeley, CA, and London: University of California Press, 2005), 100.
131. J.Z. Garson, ‘Draft IV: A Study of the effects of Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy’, TNA, FD23/619 (1956), 4–5.
132. Jones, op. cit. (note 10), 526–7, 540–1.
133. Brandon Lush, ‘Note For File’, TNA, FD23/619 (17 October 1957); ‘A Study of the Effects of Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy’, TNA, FD23/619 (no date), 1–3.
134. John Mayo, ‘Research Studies as Affecting Child Patients’, TNA, FD23/619 (1956), 1-4; John Mayo, ‘Proposed Study of the Effects of Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy’, TNA, FD23/619 (1956), 1–3.
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138. Letter from Jerry Morris to Brandon Lush, TNA, FD23/619 (11 June 1957); Lush, op. cit. (note 129), 1.
139. ‘Working Group on Adenotonsillectomy: Minutes of the Meeting Held on Tuesday 1 March at 20 Park Crescent, London W1N 4AL’, TNA, FD23/4931 (1977).
140. Letter from Brandon Lush to Jerry Morris, TNA, FD23/618 (25 May 1955); Letter from Harold Himsworth to Hugh Macaulay, TNA, FD23/618 (18 February 1954).
141. Lush, op. cit. (note 140).
142. Letter from Harold Himsworth, op. cit. (note 140).
143. Stefan Timmermans and Marc Berg, The Gold Standard: The Challenge of Evidence-Based Medicine and Standardization in Health Care (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2003), 4.
144. Note in file, TNA, FD23/618 (3 April 1957).
145. Letter from Arthur Gee to Brandon Lush, TNA, FD23/618 (27 December 1956).
146. Letter from Peter Henderson to Brandon Lush, TNA, FD23/618 (7 November 1957).
147. Peter Henderson, ‘Frequency of Tonsillectomy in Children’, TNA, FD23/618 (1957), 1–4.
148. Letter from Jerry Morris to Joan Faulkner, TNA, FD23/618 (26 November 1957).
149. Timmermans and Berg, op. cit. (note 143), 16.
150. Letter from Wilson Jameson to Joan Faulkner, TNA, FD23/618 (4 December 1957); Letter from Joan Faulkner to George Godber, TNA, FD23/618 (11 December 1957).
151. Archibald Cochrane, Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services (London: The Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust, 1972), 60–1; see also Timmermans and Berg, op. cit. (note 143); Marcia Lynn Meldrum, Departures from the Design: The Randomized Clinical Trial in Historical Context, 1946–70 (unpublished PhD thesis, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1994); Daly, op. cit. (note 130).
152. ‘Adenotonsillectomy: Background Note on Previous Efforts to Review the Operation’, TNA, FD23/4930 (no date), 1–3.
153. Timmermans and Berg, op. cit. (note 143), 25, 15–21.
155. M.J. Bloor, ‘An Investigation of Variation in Adeno-Tonsillectomy Assessments Between ENT Specialists’, TNA, FD23/4930 (no date), 1–2.
156. Ibid., 2–6.
157. Ibid., 7.
158. M.J. Bloor, ‘Extract From a Report on an Epidemiological and Sociological Study of Variations in the Incidence of Operations on the Tonsils and Adenoids’, TNA, FD23/4930 (no date), 1–3.
159. Collins and Pinch, op. cit. (note 14), 75, 80–1.
160. ‘Working Group’, op. cit. (note 139).
161. Dorothy Porter (ed.), Social Medicine and Medical Sociology in the Twentieth Century (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1997), 1–2, 10–11, 15–16, 98, 111–113.
162. Kneebone and Frampton, op. cit. (note 9), 550–2, 554.
163. ‘Extract from the minutes of the July 1976 Systems Board meeting’, TNA, FD23/4930 (no date); ‘Ad Hoc Meeting to Review Adenotonsillectomy: Minutes of Meeting Held at 20 Park Crescent, London, W1N 4AL on Monday, 22nd March, 1976 at 2.00 pm’, TNA, FD23/4930 (1976), 14.
164. ‘Extract from the minutes’, ibid. (note 163).
165. Ibid.
166. ‘Adenotonsillectomy’, TNA, FD23/4931 (7 June 1979).
167. Daly, op. cit. (note 130), 98–102.
168. ‘Implementation of the Recommendations of the W/G on Adenotonsillectomy’, TNA, FD23/4931 (11 May 1978).
169. Ibid.
170. Note from Helen Duke to Barbara Rashbass, TNA, FD23/4931 (18 November 1980); ‘Working Group’, op. cit. (note 139); ‘Adenotonsillectomy’, op. cit. (note 166).
171. Letter from Stuart Donnan to Barbara Rashbass, TNA, FD23/4931 (13 November 1980).
172. Letter from Owen Wade to June Lloyd, TNA, FD23/4930 (6 April 1977).
173. ‘Implementation’, op. cit. (note 168).
174. Letter from J.F. Soothill to June Lloyd, TNA, FD23/4930 (7 March 1977).
175. Conversation between Helen Duke and J.F. Soothill, TNA, FD23/4931 (20 June 1979).
176. Letter from Tom Meade to Helen Duke, TNA, FD23/4931 (22 March 1979); ‘Extract from the minutes’, op. cit. (note 163), 1–15; Ibid. (note 175).
177. Ibid.
178. Duke, op. cit. (note 170).
179. Lawrence and Treasure, op. cit. (note 4), 653.
180. Gillis, op. cit. (note 18), 491–2, 507–10.
181. Barnes, op. cit. (note 17), 258–61.
182. McClelland and Jones, op. cit. (note 12), 756–7.