方法论行为主义:沃森的行为主义认为只有公共事件(个人的行为)才能被客观地观察,因此私人事件(思想和情感)应该被忽视。[1] [8] [9]它也成为20世纪70年代和80年代早期进近行为改变的基础。
激进的行为主义:B.F.Skinner的行为主义理论认为应该承认有机体内的过程,特别是私人事件(如思想和感受)的存在,并且表明环境变量也控制这些内部事件,就像它们控制可观察的行为一样。激进行为主义形成了行为分析背后的核心哲学。 Willard Van Orman Quine在他的知识和语言研究中使用了许多激进的行为主义思想。[8]
目的论行为主义:后Skinnerian,有目的,接近微观经济学。重点是客观观察而不是认知过程。
心理行为主义:正如Arthur W. Staats所提出的,与Skinner,Hull和Tolman之前的行为主义不同,它基于涉及各种类型的人类行为的人类研究计划。心理行为主义引入了人类学习的新原则。人类不仅学习动物学习原理,还学习特殊的人类学习原则。这些原则涉及人类独特的巨大学习能力。人类学习的曲目使他们能够学习其他东西。因此人类学习是累积的。没有其他动物能够证明这种能力,使人类物种独一无二。
行为主义:由雅各布罗伯特坎特在斯金纳的著作之前创立。
激进的行为主义
主要文章:激进行为主义
B. F. Skinner提出激进行为主义作为行为实验分析的概念基础。这种观点与其他行为研究方法的区别在于各种不同,但最明显的是,它与接受情感的方法论行为主义,心理状态和内省作为科学调查行为的对比形成对比。与方法论行为主义一样,它拒绝反射作为所有行为的模型,并且它捍卫行为科学作为生理学的补充但独立于生理学。激进行为主义与其他西方哲学立场(如美国实用主义)大相径庭。[10]
诺姆乔姆斯基1959年对行为主义的批判,以及更普遍的经验主义,引发了所谓的“认知革命”。[54]
计算机科学的发展将导致人类思想与计算机的计算功能之间产生相似之处,开启了全新的心理思想领域。 Allen Newell和Herbert Simon花了数年时间开发人工智能(AI)概念,后来与认知心理学家一起研究人工智能的含义。有效的结果更多的是与计算机中的对应物(记忆,存储,检索等)的心理功能的框架概念化。
该领域的正式认可涉及建立研究机构,如1964年乔治曼德勒的人类信息处理中心。曼德勒在2002年的行为科学史杂志[55]中描述了认知心理学的起源。
在认知心理学的早期阶段,行为主义批评者认为它追求的经验主义与内在心理状态的概念是不相容的。然而,认知神经科学继续收集生理性大脑活动与假定心理状态之间直接相关性的证据,支持认知心理学的基础。
著名行为主义者名单:
Donald Baer
Albert Bandura
Dermot Barnes-Holmes
Vladimir Bekhterev
Sidney W. Bijou
Charles Ferster
Jacque Fresco
Edwin Ray Guthrie
Steven C. Hayes
Richard J. Herrnstein
Clark L. Hull
Brian Iwata
Alan E. Kazdin
Fred S. Keller
Jon Levy
Marsha M. Linehan
Ole Ivar Lovaas
Neal E. Miller
O. Hobart Mowrer
Charles E. Osgood
Ivan Pavlov
Murray Sidman
B. F. Skinner
Kenneth W. Spence
J. E. R. Staddon
Edward Thorndike
Edward C. Tolman
John B. Watson
Montrose Wolf
另见:
Antecedent stimuli
Behavior analysis of child development
Behavioral change theories
Behavioral economics
Behavioral medicine
Behavioral neuroscience
Counterconditioning
Criminology
Dog behaviorist
Emergency psychiatry
Ethology
Functional analysis (psychology)
Habituation
List of publications in psychology § Behaviorism
The Logic of Modern Physics
Law of effect
Mentalism (psychology)
Models of abnormality § Behavioural model
Observational learning
Operationalization
Pharmacology § Behavioral pharmacology
Perceptual control theory
Professional practice of behavior analysis
Punishment
Reinforcement
Relational frame theory
Token economy
Verbal Behavior
ZebraBox
Zoosemiotics
相关疗法:
Acceptance and commitment therapy
Applied animal behavior
Behavioral activation
Behavior modification
Behavior therapy
Biofeedback
Clinical behavior analysis
Cognitive behavior therapy
Contingency management
Desensitization
Dialectical behavior therapy
Direct instruction
Discrete trial training
Exposure and response prevention
Exposure therapy
Functional analytic psychotherapy
Habit reversal training
Organizational behavior management
Pivotal response treatment
Positive behavior support
Rational emotive behavior therapy
Social skills training
Systematic desensitization
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Further reading
Baum, W.M. (2005) Understanding behaviorism: Behavior, Culture and Evolution. Blackwell.
Cao, L.B. (2013) IJCAI2013 tutorial on behavior informatics and computing.
Cao, L.B. (2014) Non-IIDness Learning in Behavioral and Social Data, The Computer Journal, 57(9): 1358–1370.
Chiesa, Mecca (1994). "Radical Behaviorism: The Philosophy and the Science". Authors Cooperative, Inc.
Cooper, John O., Heron, Timothy E., & Heward, William L. (2007). "Applied Behavior Analysis: Second Edition". Pearson.
Ferster, C.B. & Skinner, B.F. (1957). Schedules of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Malott, Richard W. Principles of Behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008. Print.
Mills, John A., Control: A History of Behavioral Psychology, Paperback Edition, New York University Press 2000.
Lattal, K.A. & Chase, P.N. (2003) "Behavior Theory and Philosophy". Plenum.
Pierce, W. David & Cheney, Carl D. (2013). "Behavior Analysis and Learning: Fifth Edition". Psychology Press.
Plotnik, Rod. (2005) Introduction to Psychology. Thomson-Wadsworth (ISBN 0-534-63407-9).
Rachlin, H. (1991) Introduction to modern behaviorism. (3rd edition.) New York: Freeman.
Skinner, B.F. Beyond Freedom & Dignity, Hackett Publishing Co, Inc 2002.
Skinner, B.F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Skinner, B.F. (1945). "The operational analysis of psychological terms". Psychological Review. 52 (270–7): 290–4. doi:10.1037/h0062535.
Skinner, B.F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior (ISBN 0-02-929040-6) Online version.
Skinner, B.F. (1957). Verbal behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Skinner, B.F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement: a theoretical analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Skinner, B.F. (31 July 1981). "Selection by Consequences" (PDF). Science. 213 (4507): 501–4. Bibcode:1981Sci...213..501S. doi:10.1126/science.7244649. PMID 7244649. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
Klein, P. (2013) "Explanation of Behavioural Psychotherapy Styles". [1].
Staddon, J. (2014) The New Behaviorism, 2nd Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press. pp. xi, 1–282.
Watson, J.B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20, 158–177. (on-line).
Watson, J.B. (1919). Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist.
Watson, J.B. (1924). Behaviorism.
Zuriff, G.E. (1985). Behaviorism: A Conceptual Reconstruction, Columbia University Press.
LeClaire, J. and Rushin, J.P. (2010) Behavioral Analytics For Dummies. Wiley. (ISBN 978-0-470-58727-0).
External links
Library resources about
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Graham, George. "Behaviorism". In Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
"Behaviorism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Behaviorism
Books and Journal Articles On Behaviorism
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B.F. Skinner Foundation
Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies
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APA Behaviour Analysis
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Theory of Behavioral Anthropology (Documents No. 9 and 10 in English)
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Examining Learning From Multiple Perspectives by Michigan State University
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Behavior Analysis Online Tutorials