弗洛伊德在医生Wilhelm Stekel的建议下成立了这个讨论小组。 Stekel曾在Richard von Krafft-Ebing的维也纳大学学习医学。他对精神分析的转变不同地归因于弗洛伊德因性问题成功治疗,或者因为他阅读了“梦的解释”,他随后在维也纳日报Neues Wiener Tagblatt对此进行了积极的评论。[65]
1912年,荣格出版了Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido(1916年以英文出版,作为无意识的心理学),明确指出他的观点与弗洛伊德的观点截然不同。为了区分他的系统和精神分析,荣格称之为分析心理学。[83]预计弗洛伊德与荣格之间关系的最终崩溃,欧内斯特·琼斯成立了一个秘密的支持者委员会,负责维护精神分析运动的理论连贯性和制度遗产。该委员会成立于1912年秋季,由弗洛伊德,琼斯,亚伯拉罕,费伦齐,兰德和汉斯萨克斯组成。 Max Eitingon于1919年加入委员会。每位成员都承诺,在与其他人讨论他的观点之前,不要公开背离精神分析理论的基本原则。在这一发展之后,荣格认识到他的立场是站不住脚的,并于1914年4月辞去了Jarhbuch的编辑职位,然后辞去了IPA的主席职务。苏黎世协会于7月退出了IPA。[84]
耐心
弗洛伊德在他的病历中使用了假名。一些以假名命名的患者是C_cilie M.(安娜·冯·利本);Dora(艾达·鲍尔,1882-1945);Emmy von N.(范妮·莫瑟);Fr_uin Elisabeth von R.(伊洛娜·韦斯);[96]Fr_uin Katharina(奥雷利亚·克罗尼奇);Fr_uin-Lucy R.;Little Hans(赫伯特·格拉夫,1903-1973);Rat Man(恩斯特·兰泽,1878-1914);Enos Fingy(乔舒亚·威尔德,1878-19)20);[97]和《狼人》(Sergei Pankejeff,1887-1979)。其他著名的病人包括巴西的佩德罗·奥古斯托王子(1866-1934年);H.D.(1886-1961年);艾玛·埃克斯坦(1865-1924年);古斯塔夫·马勒(1860-1911年),弗洛伊德仅与他进行了一次长期的会诊;玛丽·波拿巴公主;伊迪丝·班菲尔德·杰克逊(1895-1977年);[98]和阿尔伯特·赫斯特(1887-1974年)。[99]
除了他的压力技术,弗洛伊德的临床程序还包括分析推理和症状的象征性解释,以追溯到婴儿性虐待的记忆。[133]他声称百分之百确认他的理论只是为了加强先前对他的同事所表达的保留意见,即他通过他的暗示技巧获得的调查结果的有效性。[134]弗洛伊德随后表明他的诱惑理论是否仍然与他后来的研究结果相符。[135]他在“歇斯底里的病因学”的补遗中说:“所有这一切都是真的[对儿童的性虐待];但必须记住,在我写这篇文章的时候,我还没有把自己从现实的高估和我的低估中解放出来。对幻想的估价“。[136]几年后,弗洛伊德明确拒绝了他的同事Ferenczi声称他的病人的性骚扰报告是真实的记忆而不是幻想,他试图劝阻Ferenczi公开他的观点。[135] Karin Ahbel-Rappe在她的研究中得出结论“'我不再相信':弗洛伊德是否放弃了诱惑理论?':”弗洛伊德标志着并开始研究婴儿乱伦经历的性质及其对人类的心灵,然后在很大程度上放弃了这个方向。“[137]
可卡因
作为一名医学研究人员,弗洛伊德是可卡因作为兴奋剂和镇痛药的早期使用者和支持者。他相信可卡因是治疗许多身心问题的方法,在他1884年的论文“On Coca”中,他颂扬了它的美德。在1883年至1887年间,他撰写了几篇推荐医学应用的文章,包括其作为抗抑郁药的用途。他差点错过了获得科学优先权,因为他发现了他所知道的麻醉特性,但只是顺便提及了。[138] (弗洛伊德在维也纳的同事卡尔科勒在1884年向医学界报告了可卡因在精细眼科手术中的使用方法后获得了这一荣誉。)弗洛伊德还建议使用可卡因治疗吗啡成瘾。[139]他向他的朋友恩斯特·冯·弗莱希尔·马克思(Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow)介绍了可卡因,他已经沉迷于吗啡,用于缓解因进行尸检时获得的感染引起的多年难以忍受的神经疼痛。他声称Fleischl-Marxow治愈了他的上瘾是不成熟的,尽管他从来没有承认过他的错。 Fleischl-Marxow发展了一个“可卡因精神病”的急性病例,并很快恢复使用吗啡,几年后因更多患有难以忍受的疼痛而死亡。[140]
Carl Jung认为,反映宇宙秩序和人类历史的集体无意识是思想中最重要的部分。它包含原型,表现在梦中出现的符号,心灵的不安和各种文化产品。荣格人对婴儿发展和愿望与挫败他们的力量之间的心理冲突不如对人的不同部分之间的融合感兴趣。荣格疗法的目的是修补这种分裂。荣格特别关注中后期的问题。他的目标是让人们体验自己的分裂方面,例如anima(男人被压抑的女性自我),animus(女人被压抑的男性自我),或阴影(低劣的自我形象),以及从而获得智慧。[181]
Arthur Janov的原始疗法一直是弗洛伊德后期心理治疗的一种有影响力的疗法,它在强调儿童早期经历方面类似于精神分析疗法,但也与之有所不同。虽然Janov的理论类似于弗洛伊德关于Actualneurosis的早期观点,但他没有动态心理学,而是像Reich或Perls那样的自然心理学,其中需要是主要的,而希望在需要得到满足时是衍生的和可有可无的。尽管其与弗洛伊德的观点具有表面相似性,但Janov的理论缺乏对无意识和对婴儿性行为的信仰的严格心理描述。虽然弗洛伊德存在危险情境的等级,但对于Janov来说,儿童生活中的关键事件是认识到父母不喜欢它。[181] Janov在The Primal Scream(1970)中写道,原始疗法在某些方面已经回归到弗洛伊德的早期思想和技巧。[183]
Ellen Bass和Laura Davis,The Courage to Heal(1988)的共同作者,被弗雷德里克·克鲁斯描述为“幸存者的拥护者”,他认为弗洛伊德对他们有重要影响,尽管在他看来他们不赞成经典精神分析但对于“精神分析前的弗洛伊德......据说对他的歇斯底里的病人表示同情,发现他们都怀有早期虐待的记忆......并通过解除他们的镇压来治愈他们。”工作人员认为弗洛伊德通过强调“症状学和一个身体区域的过早刺激之间的机械因果关系”来预测恢复的记忆运动,并开创性地“将患者症状与性对称相匹配的技术” “记忆。”“克鲁斯认为,弗洛伊德对准确回忆早期记忆的信心预示着恢复记忆治疗师的理论,例如Lenore Terr,他认为这种理论导致人们被错误地监禁或参与诉讼。[184]
科学
旨在根据经验测试弗洛伊德理论的研究项目已经产生了关于该主题的大量文献。[185] 1934年左右,美国心理学家开始尝试在实验实验室研究镇压。1934年,当心理学家索尔·罗森茨威(Saul Rosenzweig)向弗洛伊德发送他试图研究镇压的重印时,弗洛伊德回应了一封不屑一顾的信,声称“可靠的观察资料丰富”精神分析断言的基础使它们“独立于实验验证。”[186] Seymour Fisher和Roger P. Greenberg在1977年得出结论,弗洛伊德的一些概念得到了经验证据的支持。他们对研究文献的分析支持弗洛伊德关于口头和肛门人格星座的概念,他对俄狄浦斯因素在男性人格功能某些方面的作用的描述,以及他对女性失去爱情的相对更大的关注与男性人格经济相比的表述以及他对同性恋焦虑对偏执妄想形成的煽动作用的看法。他们还发现弗洛伊德关于同性恋发展理论的有限和模棱两可的支持。他们发现,弗洛伊德的其他一些理论,包括他将梦想描绘成主要的秘密,无意识的愿望,以及他对女性心理动力学的一些看法,都未得到研究的支持或反对。他们在1996年再次回顾这些问题时得出的结论是,存在许多与弗洛伊德工作相关的实验数据,并支持他的一些主要观点和理论。[187]
[attach]6497[/attach]
贝蒂弗里丹在“女性的神秘”中批评了弗洛伊德对女性的看法。[233]
弗洛伊德声誉的下降部分归因于女权主义的复兴。[234]西蒙娜·德·波伏瓦(Simone de Beauvoir)从“第二性”(The Second Sex,1949)的存在主义观点批判了精神分析,认为弗洛伊德在男性中看到了一种“原始的优越感”,这种优越感实际上是社会诱导的。[235]贝蒂弗里丹批评弗洛伊德以及她在“女性神秘”(1963)中对维多利亚女性观点的看法。[233]弗洛伊德的阴茎嫉妒概念遭到凯特米利特的攻击,后者在性政治(1970年)中指责他混淆和疏忽。[236] Naomi Weisstein写道,弗洛伊德和他的追随者错误地认为他的“多年密集的临床经验”加重了科学的严谨性。[237]
作品
主要文章:西格蒙德弗洛伊德参考书目
图书
1891 On Aphasia
1895 Studies on Hysteria (co-authored with Josef Breuer)
1899 The Interpretation of Dreams
1901 On Dreams (abridged version of The Interpretation of Dreams)
1904 The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
1905 Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious
1905 Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
1907 Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva
1910 Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis
1910 Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
1913 Totem and Taboo: Resemblances between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics
1915–17 Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis
1920 Beyond the Pleasure Principle
1921 Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
1923 The Ego and the Id
1926 Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety
1926 The Question of Lay Analysis
1927 The Future of an Illusion
1930 Civilization and Its Discontents
1933 New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis
1939 Moses and Monotheism
1940 An Outline of Psycho-Analysis
病历
1905 Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria (the Dora case history)
1909 Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy (the Little Hans case history)
1909 Notes upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis (the Rat Man case history)
1911 Psycho-Analytic Notes on an Autobiographical Account of a Case of Paranoia (the Schreber case)
1918 From the History of an Infantile Neurosis (the Wolfman case history)
1920 The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman[245]
1923 A Seventeenth-Century Demonological Neurosis (the Haizmann case)
Papers on sexuality
1906 My Views on the Part Played by Sexuality in the Aetiology of the Neuroses
1908 "Civilized" Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness
1910 A Special Type of Choice of Object made by Men
1912 Types of Onset of Neurosis
1912 The Most Prevalent Form of Degradation in Erotic Life
1913 The Disposition to Obsessional Neurosis
1915 A Case of Paranoia Running Counter to the Psycho-Analytic Theory of the Disease
1919 A Child is Being Beaten: A Contribution to the Origin of Sexual Perversions
1922 Medusa's Head
1922 Some Neurotic Mechanisms in Jealousy, Paranoia and Homosexuality
1923 Infantile Genital Organisation
1924 The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex
1925 Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction between the Sexes
1927 Fetishism
1931 Female Sexuality
1938 The Splitting of the Ego in the Process of Defence
自传论文
1899 An Autobiographical Note
1914 On the History of the Psychoanalytic Movement
1925 An Autobiographical Study (1935 Revised edition with Postscript).
The Standard Edition
The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Trans. from the German under the general editorship of James Strachey, in collaboration with Anna Freud, assisted by Alix Strachey, Alan Tyson, and Angela Richards. 24 volumes, London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953–1974.
Vol. I Pre-Psycho-Analytic Publications and Unpublished Drafts (1886–1899).
Vol. II Studies in Hysteria (1893–1895). By Josef Breuer and S. Freud.
Vol. III Early Psycho-Analytic Publications (1893–1899)
Vol. IV The Interpretation of Dreams (I) (1900)
Vol. V The Interpretation of Dreams (II) and On Dreams (1900–1901)
Vol. VI The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901)
Vol. VII A Case of Hysteria, Three Essays on Sexuality and Other Works (1901–1905)
Vol. VIII Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious (1905)
Vol. IX Jensen's 'Gradiva,' and Other Works (1906–1909)
Vol. X The Cases of 'Little Hans' and the Rat Man' (1909)
Vol. XI Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, Leonardo and Other Works (1910)
Vol. XIII Totem and Taboo and Other Works (1913–1914)
Vol. XIV On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement, Papers on Meta-psychology and Other Works (1914–1916)
Vol. XV Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (Parts I and II) (1915–1916)
Vol. XVI Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (Part III) (1916–1917)
Vol. XVII An Infantile Neurosis and Other Works (1917–1919)
Vol. XVIII Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Group Psychology and Other Works (1920–1922)
Vol. XIX The Ego and the Id and Other Works (1923–1925)
Vol. XX An Autobiographical Study, Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety, Lay Analysis and Other Works (1925–1926)
Vol. XXI The Future of an Illusion, Civilization and its Discontents and Other Works (1927–1931)
Vol. XXII New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis and Other Works (1932–1936)
Vol. XXIII Moses and Monotheism, An Outline of Psycho-Analysis and Other Works (1937–1939)
Vol. XXIV Indexes and Bibliographies (Compiled by Angela Richards,1974)
对应关系
Selected Letters of Sigmund Freud to Martha Bernays, Ansh Mehta and Ankit Patel (eds), CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015. ISBN 978-1515137030
Correspondence: Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud, Cambridge: Polity 2014. ISBN 978-0745641492
The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Otto Rank: Inside Psychoanalysis (eds. E.J. Lieberman and Robert Kramer). Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012.
The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887–1904, (editor and translator Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson), 1985, ISBN 978-0674154209
The Sigmund Freud Carl Gustav Jung Letters, Publisher: Princeton University Press; Abr edition, 1994, ISBN 978-0691036434
The Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Karl Abraham, 1907–1925, Publisher: Karnac Books, 2002, ISBN 978-1855750517
The Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Ernest Jones, 1908–1939., Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 1995, ISBN 978-0674154247
The Sigmund Freud – Ludwig Binswanger Correspondence 1908–1939, London: Other Press 2003, ISBN 1892746328
The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi, Volume 1, 1908–1914, Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0674174184
The Correpondence of Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi, Volume 2, 1914–1919, Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0674174191
The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi, Volume 3, 1920–1933, Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0674002975
The Letters of Sigmund Freud to Eduard Silberstein, 1871–1881, Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674528284
Psycho-Analysis and Faith: The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Oskar Pfister. Trans. Eric Mosbacher. Heinrich Meng and Ernst L. Freud. eds London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1963.
Sigmund Freud and Lou Andreas-Salome; Letters, Publisher: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1972, ISBN 978-0151334902
The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Arnold Zweig, Publisher: New York University Press, 1987, ISBN 978-0814725856
Letters of Sigmund Freud – selected and edited by Ernst Ludwig Freud, Publisher: New York: Basic Books, 1960, ISBN 978-0486271057
另见
Psychology portal
Afterwardsness
Sigmund Freud Archives
Lucian Freud
Freud Museum (London)
Sigmund Freud Museum (Vienna)
Freudian slip
Freudo-Marxism
School of Brentano
Hedgehog's dilemma
Hidden personality
Histrionic personality disorder
Psychoanalytic literary criticism
Psychodynamics
Saul Rosenzweig
Signorelli parapraxis
The Freudian Coverup
The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud
Uncanny
The Passions of the Mind
A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière
注解
Halberstadt, Max (c. 1921). "Sigmund Freud, half-length portrait, facing left, holding cigar in right hand". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
Tansley, A.G. (1941). "Sigmund Freud. 1856–1939". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3 (9): 246–75. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1941.0002. JSTOR 768889.
"Freud" Archived 23 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine.. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
Ford & Urban 1965, p. 109
Noel Sheehy; Alexandra Forsythe (2013). "Sigmund Freud". Fifty Key Thinkers in Psychology. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134704934.
Eric R. Kandel The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present. New York: Random House 2012, pp. 45–46.
Gay 2006, pp. 136–37
Jones, Ernest (1949) What is Psychoanalysis ? London: Allen & Unwin. p. 47.
Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious, London: Verso 2015 [1971], pp. 49–51, 152–54
Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious, London: Verso 2015 [1971], pp. 146–47
For its efficacy and the influence of psychoanalysis on psychiatry and psychotherapy, see The Challenge to Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Chapter 9, Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry: A Changing Relationship Archived 6 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. by Robert Michels, 1999 and Tom Burns Our Necessary Shadow: The Nature and Meaning of Psychiatry London: Allen Lane 2013 pp. 96–97.
For the influence on psychology, see The Psychologist, December 2000 Archived 31 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
For the influence of psychoanalysis in the humanities, see J. Forrester The Seductions of Psychoanalysis Cambridge University Press 1990, pp. 2–3.
For the debate on efficacy, see Fisher, S. and Greenberg, R.P., Freud Scientifically Reappraised: Testing the Theories and Therapy, New York: John Wiley, 1996, pp. 193–217
For the debate on the scientific status of psychoanalysis see Stevens, R. 1985 Freud and Psychoanalysis Milton Keynes: Open University Press, pp. 91–116, Gay (2006) p. 745, and Solms, Mark (2018). "The scientific standing of psychoanalysis". BJPsych International. 15 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1192/bji.2017.4. PMC 6020924. PMID 29953128.
For the debate on psychoanalysis and feminism, see Appignanesi, Lisa & Forrester, John. Freud's Women. London: Penguin Books, 1992, pp. 455–74
Auden 1940 Archived 14 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
Also see Alexander, Sam "In Memory of Sigmund Freud" (undated) and Thurschwell, P. Sigmund Freud London: Routledge 2009, p. 1
Gresser 1994, p. 225.
Emanuel Rice (1990). Freud and Moses: The Long Journey Home. SUNY Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0791404539.
Gay 2006, pp. 4–8; Clark 1980, p. 4
For Jakob's Torah study, see Meissner 1993, p. 233.
For the date of the marriage, see Rice 1990, p. 55.
Deborah P. Margolis, M.A. (1989). "Margolis 1989". Mod. Psychoanal: 37–56. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
Jones, Ernest (1964) Sigmund Freud: Life and Work. Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books p. 37
Hothersall 2004, p. 276.
Hothersall 1995
See Past studies of the eels and references therein.
Costandi, Mo (10 March 2014). "Freud was a pioneering neuroscientist". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
In this period he published three papers:
(in German) Freud, Sigmund (1877). über den Ursprung der hinteren Nervenwurzeln im Rückenmark von Ammocoetes (Petromyzon Planeri) [On the Origin of the Posterior Nerve Roots in the Spinal Cord of Ammocoetes (Petromyzon Planeri)].
(in German) Freud, Sigmund (1878). über Spinalganglien und Rückenmark des Petromyzon [On the Spinal Ganglia and Spinal Cord of Petromyzon].
Freud, Sigmund (April 1884). "A New Histological Method for the Study of Nerve-Tracts in the Brain and Spinal Cord". Brain. 7 (1): 86–88. doi:10.1093/brain/7.1.86.
For a more in-depth analysis: Gamwell, Lynn; Solms, Mark (2006). From Neurology to Psychoanalysis (PDF). State University of New York: Binghamton University Art Museum. pp. 29−33, 37−39.
Gay 2006 p. 36
Sulloway 1992 [1979], p. 22
Gay 2006, pp. 42–47
Peter J. Swales, "Freud, Minna Bernays and the Conquest of Rome: New Light on the Origins of Psychoanalysis", The New American Review, Spring/Summer 1982, pp. 1–23, which also includes speculation over an abortion.
see Gay 2006, pp. 76, 752–53 for a sceptical rejoinder to Swales.
for the discovery of the hotel log see Blumenthal, Ralph (24 December 2006). "Hotel log hints at desire that Freud didn't repress – Europe – International Herald Tribune". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
see also 'Minna Bernays as "Mrs. Freud": What Sort of Relationship Did Sigmund Freud Have with His Sister-in-Law?' by Franz Maciejewski and Jeremy Gaines, American Imago, Volume 65, Number 1, Spring 2008, pp. 5–21
Gay 2006, pp. 77, 169
Freud and Bonaparte 2009, pp. 238–39
Vitz 1988, pp. 53–54
Sulloway 1992 [1979], pp. 66–67, 116
Daniel Leader, Freud’s Footnotes, London, Faber, 2000, pp. 34–45
Pigman, G.W. (1995). "Freud and the history of empathy". The International Journal of Psycho-analysis. 76 (Pt 2): 237–56. PMID 7628894.
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Further reading
Brown, Norman O.. Life Against Death: The Psychoanalytic Meaning of History. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, Second Edition 1985.
Cioffi, Frank. Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience. Peru, IL: Open Court, 1999.
Cole, J. Preston. The Problematic Self in Kierkegaard and Freud. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971.
Crews, Frederick. The Memory Wars: Freud's Legacy in Dispute. New York: The New York Review of Books, 1995.
Crews, Frederick. Unauthorized Freud: Doubters Confront a Legend. New York: Penguin Books, 1998.
Dufresne, Todd. Killing Freud: Twentieth-Century Culture and the Death of Psychoanalysis. New York: Continuum, 2003.
Dufresne, Todd, ed. Against Freud: Critics Talk Back. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.
Ellenberger, Henri. Beyond the Unconscious: Essays of Henri F. Ellenberger in the History of Psychiatry. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
Ellenberger, Henri. The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books, 1970.
Esterson, Allen. Seductive Mirage: An Exploration of the Work of Sigmund Freud. Chicago: Open Court, 1993.
Gay, Peter. Freud: A Life for Our Time. London: Papermac, 1988; 2nd revised hardcover edition, Little Books (1 May 2006), 864 pages, ISBN 978-1904435532; Reprint hardcover edition, W.W. Norton & Company (1988); trade paperback, W.W. Norton & Company (17 May 2006), 864 pages, ISBN 978-0393328615
Gellner, Ernest. The Psychoanalytic Movement: The Cunning of Unreason. London: Fontana Press, 1993.
Grünbaum, Adolf. The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
Grünbaum, Adolf. Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis: A Study in the Philosophy of Psychoanalysis. Madison, Connecticut: International Universities Press, 1993.
Hale, Nathan G., Jr. Freud and the Americans: The Beginnings of Psychoanalysis in the United States, 1876–1917. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Hale, Nathan G., Jr. The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States: Freud and the Americans, 1917–1985. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Hirschmüller, Albrecht. The Life and Work of Josef Breuer. New York University Press, 1989.
Jones, Ernest. The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud. 3 vols. New York: Basic Books, 1953–1957
Jung, Carl Gustav. The Collected Works of C. G. Jung Volume 4: Freud and Psychoanalysis. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1961.
Macmillan, Malcolm. Freud Evaluated: The Completed Arc. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1997.
Marcuse, Herbert. Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud. Boston: Beacon Press, 1974
Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff. The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory. New York: Pocket Books, 1998
Puner, Helen Walker. Freud: His Life and His Mind. New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1947
Ricoeur, Paul. Freud and Philosophy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970.
Rieff, Philip. Freud: The Mind of the Moralist. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1961
Roazen, Paul. Freud and His Followers. New York: Knopf, 1975, hardcover; trade paperback, Da Capo Press (22 March 1992), 600 pages, ISBN 978-0306804724
Roazen, Paul. Freud: Political and Social Thought. London: Hogarth Press, 1969.
Roth, Michael, ed. Freud: Conflict and Culture. New York: Vintage, 1998.
Schur, Max. Freud: Living and Dying. New York: International Universities Press, 1972.
Stannard, David E. Shrinking History: On Freud and the Failure of Psychohistory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Webster, Richard. Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis. Oxford: The Orwell Press, 2005.
Wollheim, Richard. Freud. Fontana, 1971.
Wollheim, Richard, and James Hopkins, eds. Philosophical essays on Freud. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.