HAE I型主要由血液蛋白质缺乏(C1酯酶抑制剂)引起,其通常抑制补体系统的激活。由此产生的过度刺激导致产生炎性过敏毒素,其影响血管系统和身体组织之间的体液流动。这种缺陷导致大约80-85%的病例。
HAE II型是这种疾病较少见的形式,占病例的15-20%。在这种类型中,产生非典型C1-抑制剂蛋白,其不太能够抑制补体系统的活化。与HAE I型一样,这导致该系统的过度刺激。
HAE III型是罕见的,最近才记录在案。与I型和II型不同,这种形式似乎与C1-抑制剂缺乏症无关。这种类型主要影响女性,并且似乎受到与雌激素接触以及激素替代疗法(例如口服避孕药)的影响。其发病机制被认为是激酶原酶活性增加,这导致缓激肽水平升高。其他III型HAE患者的基因F12发生了改变,F12基因编码参与血液凝固的蛋白质[14]。一些III型HAE患者的F12基因突变,产生一种参与血液凝固的蛋白质[15]。由于对4个受影响的德国家庭进行基因检测的结果,认为这种病症是由染色体5q.35.2-q35.3中的致病基因引起的。 [16]
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