在19世纪中期发现了通过麻醉控制现代疼痛。在麻醉出现之前,手术是一种创伤性疼痛手术,鼓励外科医生尽可能快速地减少患者的痛苦。这也意味着手术主要限于截肢和外部生长清除。从19世纪40年代开始,随着美国外科医生Crawford Long首次使用的有效和实用的麻醉化学品(如乙醚)和苏格兰产科医生James Young Simpson发现的氯仿(后来由John Snow开创),手术开始发生显著变化,维多利亚女王的医生。[56]除了减轻患者的痛苦之外,麻醉还允许在人体内部区域进行更复杂的手术。此外,肌肉松弛剂如curare的发现允许更安全的应用。
另见
icon Medicine portal
Anesthesia
ASA physical status classification system
Biomaterial
Cardiac surgery
Current Procedural Terminology (CPT; for outpatient surgical procedures medical coding)
Surgical drain
Endoscopy
Fluorescence image-guided surgery
Hypnosurgery
Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) – a family of health care databases etc. from the US
ICD-10-PCS (International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition, Procedural Coding System; inpatient surgical procedures medical coding)
Jet ventilation
List of surgical procedures
Minimally invasive procedure
Operative report
Perioperative mortality
Remote surgery
Robotic surgery
Surgeon's assistant
Surgical Outcomes Analysis and Research
Surgical Sieve
Trauma surgery
Reconstructive surgery
Rheumasurgery
WHO Surgical Safety Checklist
Notes
From the Greek: χειρουργική cheirourgikē (composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via Latin: chirurgiae, meaning "hand work".
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to:
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