与单一肌肉细胞来源的论证相反,Steinmetz等人。认为用于确定横纹肌的这种单一起源的分子标记物如肌球蛋白II蛋白实际上早于肌细胞的形成。本文作者使用了一种存在于porifera或海绵中的收缩元素的例子,这些元素确实缺乏含有这种蛋白质的横纹肌肉。此外,Steinmetz等人。目前通过分析双面体中存在的形态学和分子标记以及在cnidarians,ctenophores和bilaterians中不存在的横纹肌细胞发育的多系起源的证据。 Steimetz等人。表明传统的形态学和调节标志物如肌动蛋白,将肌球蛋白侧链磷酸化与更高浓度的钙浓度和其他MyHC元素偶联的能力存在于所有后生动物中,而不仅仅是已经显示出肌肉的生物体细胞。因此,根据Steinmetz等人,使用任何这些结构或调节元件来确定刺胞动物和栉水母的肌肉细胞是否足够类似于双层肌的肌细胞以确认单个谱系是有问题的。此外,Steinmetz等人。解释用于假设横纹肌起源的MyHc基因的直向同源物是通过基因复制事件发生的,该事件早于第一个真正的肌肉细胞(意为横纹肌),并且它们表明MyHc基因存在于海绵中具有收缩性元素但没有真正的肌肉细胞。此外,Steinmetz等人都表明,这一重复基因的定位,既有促进横纹肌基因形成和细胞调节和运动基因的功能,也已经分为条纹myhc和非肌肉myhc。通过将条纹myhc定位于海绵中的收缩液泡来显示重复基因组的这种分离,而非肌肉myhc在发育细胞形状和变化期间更加弥散地表达。 Steinmetz等人。在cnidarians中发现了类似的定位模式,除了cnidarian N. vectensis在消化道的平滑肌中存在这种横纹肌标记。因此,Steinmetz等人。认为分离的myhc直向同源物的多形性特征不能用于确定肌肉的单核因子,并且还认为这种刺胞动物的平滑肌中存在条纹肌肉标记物显示出肌肉细胞发育和结构的根本不同的机制。在刺胞动物。[28]
另见
Electroactive polymers – materials that behave like muscles, used in robotics research
Hand strength
Meat
Muscle memory
Myotomy
Preflexes
Rohmert's law – pertaining to muscle fatigue
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