文艺复兴在解剖学和外科学方面取得了重大进展,外科医生对气管手术越来越开放。尽管如此,死亡率仍未得到改善。[10]从1500年到1832年,文献中只有28种已知的成功气管切开术描述。[10]关于气管插管和随后的动物人工呼吸的第一次详细描述来自布鲁塞尔的Andreas Vesalius(1514-1564)。在他1543年出版的具有里程碑意义的著作“De humani corporis fabrica”中,他描述了一个实验,他将芦苇传递到一只垂死的动物的气管中,胸部已经打开并通过间歇地吹入芦苇保持通气。[15] [19] ] Vesalius写道,这项技术可以挽救生命。患者被理发外科医生拒绝后,费拉拉的Antonio Musa Brassavola(1490-1554)通过气管切开术治疗患有扁桃体周围脓肿的患者。患者显然完全康复,Brassavola在1546年公布了他的账户。尽管许多古老的气管引用并且可能开放,但这项手术已被确定为首次记录成功的气管切开术。[10]
[attach]7561[/attach]
Hieronymus Fabricius,Operationes chirurgicae,1685
在16世纪末,解剖学家和外科医生Hieronymus Fabricius(1533-1619)在他的著作中描述了一种有用的气管切开术技术,尽管他自己从未实际进行手术。他建议使用垂直切口,并且是第一个引入气管造口管的想法。这是一个直的,短的插管,包含翅膀,以防止管进入气管太远。 Fabricius对气管切开术的描述与今天使用的相似。 Julius Casserius(1561-1616)接替了Fabricius担任帕多瓦大学解剖学教授,并发表了他自己关于气管切开技术和设备的著作,推荐了一个带有多个孔的弯曲银管。 Marco Aurelio Severino(1580-1656)是一位熟练的外科医生和解剖学家,他使用Fabricius推荐的垂直切口技术,于1610年在那不勒斯的白喉疫情期间进行了多次成功的气管切开术。他还开发了自己的套管针版本。[20]
同年,Henry H. Janeway(1873-1921)公布了他最近开发的喉镜取得的成果。[72] Janeway是一位在纽约市Bellevue医院执业的美国麻醉师,他认为直接气管内注入挥发性麻醉剂可以为耳鼻喉科手术提供更好的条件。考虑到这一点,他开发了一种专为气管插管而设计的喉镜。与Jackson的设备类似,Janeway的仪器包含远端光源。然而,独特的是在手柄内包含电池,叶片中的中央凹口用于在插管期间将气管导管保持在口咽的中线,并且与刀片的远端尖端略微弯曲以帮助引导管穿过声门。这种设计的成功导致其随后用于其他类型的手术。因此,Janeway在推广麻醉学实践中广泛使用直接喉镜和气管插管方面发挥了重要作用。[68]
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参考
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