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高尔基染色首先允许个体神经元的可视化。
Luigi Galvani在18世纪后期的开创性工作为研究肌肉和神经元的电兴奋性奠定了基础。在19世纪上半叶,Jean Pierre Flourens开创了实验方法,在活体动物中进行大脑的局部病变,描述它们对运动性,敏感性和行为的影响。 1843年,Emil du Bois-Reymond展示了神经信号的电学性质[13],Hermann von Helmholtz的速度开始测量[14],1875年,理查德·卡顿在兔子和猴子的大脑半球中发现了电子现象[15]。 ]阿道夫·贝克于1890年发表了类似的关于兔子和狗大脑自发电活动的观察结果。[16]在19世纪90年代后期显微镜的发明和Camillo Golgi的染色程序的发展之后,对大脑的研究变得更加复杂。该程序使用银铬酸盐来揭示单个神经元的复杂结构。他的技术被SantiagoRamónyCajal使用并导致了神经元学说的形成,这一假设认为大脑的功能单元是神经元。[17] Golgi和RamónyCajal于1906年分享了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖,因为他们对整个大脑中的神经元进行了广泛的观察,描述和分类。
与此研究同时,Paul Broca与脑损伤患者合作表明,大脑的某些区域负责某些功能。当时,Broca的研究结果被视为Franz Joseph Gall的理论的确认,即语言是局部的,并且某些心理功能局限于大脑皮层的特定区域。[18] [19] John Hughlings Jackson对癫痫患者的观察支持了功能假设的定位,他通过观察癫痫发作在身体中的进展正确推断出运动皮层的组织。 Carl Wernicke进一步发展了语言理解和生产中特定脑结构专业化的理论。通过神经成像技术进行的现代研究仍然使用布罗德曼大脑细胞构造图(指细胞结构研究)从这个时代开始的解剖学定义,继续表明皮质的不同区域在执行特定任务时被激活。[20]
在20世纪,神经科学本身开始被认为是一门独特的学科,而不是其他学科的神经系统研究。 Eric Kandel及其合作者称David Rioch,Francis O. Schmitt和Stephen Kuffler在建立该领域方面发挥了重要作用。[21]从20世纪50年代开始,Rioch起源于Walter Reed陆军研究所的基础解剖学和生理学研究与临床精神病学的整合。在同一时期,Schmitt在麻省理工学院的生物系内建立了一个神经科学研究项目,将生物学,化学,物理和数学结合在一起。第一个独立的神经科学系(当时称为心理生物学)于1964年由James L. McGaugh在加州大学欧文分校成立。[22]其次是哈佛医学院的神经生物学系,该学院由Stephen Kuffler于1966年创立。[23]
另见
List of neuroscience databases
List of neuroscience journals
List of neuroscience topics
List of neuroscientists
Neuroplasticity
Outline of brain mapping
Outline of the human brain
List of regions in the human brain
Gut–brain axis
Connectomics
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Further reading
Bear, M. F.; B. W. Connors; M. A. Paradiso (2006). Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott. ISBN 978-0-7817-6003-4.
Binder, Marc D.; Hirokawa, Nobutaka; Windhorst, Uwe, eds. (2009). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-23735-8.
Kandel, ER; Schwartz JH; Jessell TM (2012). Principles of Neural Science (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-7701-1.
Squire, L. et al. (2012). Fundamental Neuroscience, 4th edition. Academic Press; ISBN 0-12-660303-0
Byrne and Roberts (2004). From Molecules to Networks. Academic Press; ISBN 0-12-148660-5
Sanes, Reh, Harris (2005). Development of the Nervous System, 2nd edition. Academic Press; ISBN 0-12-618621-9
Siegel et al. (2005). Basic Neurochemistry, 7th edition. Academic Press; ISBN 0-12-088397-X
Rieke, F. et al. (1999). Spikes: Exploring the Neural Code. The MIT Press; Reprint edition ISBN 0-262-68108-0
section.47 Neuroscience 2nd ed. Dale Purves, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, Lawrence C. Katz, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara, S. Mark Williams. Published by Sinauer Associates, Inc., 2001.
section.18 Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects 6th ed. by George J. Siegel, Bernard W. Agranoff, R. Wayne Albers, Stephen K. Fisher, Michael D. Uhler, editors. Published by Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
Andreasen, Nancy C. (March 4, 2004). Brave New Brain: Conquering Mental Illness in the Era of the Genome. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514509-0. Archived from the original on February 24, 2007.
Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York, Avon Books. ISBN 0-399-13894-3 (Hardcover) ISBN 0-380-72647-5 (Paperback)
Gardner, H. (1976). The Shattered Mind: The Person After Brain Damage. New York, Vintage Books, 1976 ISBN 0-394-71946-8
Goldstein, K. (2000). The Organism. New York, Zone Books. ISBN 0-942299-96-5 (Hardcover) ISBN 0-942299-97-3 (Paperback)
Lauwereyns, Jan (February 2010). The Anatomy of Bias: How Neural Circuits Weigh the Options. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-12310-5.
Subhash Kak, The Architecture of Knowledge: Quantum Mechanics, Neuroscience, Computers and Consciousness, Motilal Banarsidass, 2004, ISBN 81-87586-12-5
Llinas R. (2001). I of the Vortex: From Neurons to Self MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-12233-2 (Hardcover) ISBN 0-262-62163-0 (Paperback)
Luria, A. R. (1997). The Man with a Shattered World: The History of a Brain Wound. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-224-00792-0 (Hardcover) ISBN 0-674-54625-3 (Paperback)
Luria, A. R. (1998). The Mind of a Mnemonist: A Little Book About A Vast Memory. New York, Basic Books, Inc. ISBN 0-674-57622-5
Medina, J. (2008). Brain Rules: 12 Principles for Surviving and Thriving at Work, Home, and School. Seattle, Pear Press. ISBN 0-9797777-0-4 (Hardcover with DVD)
Pinker, S. (1999). How the Mind Works. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-31848-6
Pinker, S. (2002). The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. Viking Adult. ISBN 0-670-03151-8
Robinson, D. L. (2009). Brain, Mind and Behaviour: A New Perspective on Human Nature (2nd ed.). Dundalk, Ireland: Pontoon Publications. ISBN 978-0-9561812-0-6.
Penrose, R., Hameroff, S. R., Kak, S., & Tao, L. (2011). Consciousness and the universe: Quantum physics, evolution, brain & mind. Cambridge, MA: Cosmology Science Publishers.
Ramachandran, V. S. (1998). Phantoms in the Brain. New York, HarperCollins. ISBN 0-688-15247-3 (Paperback)
Rose, S. (2006). 21st Century Brain: Explaining, Mending & Manipulating the Mind ISBN 0-09-942977-2 (Paperback)
Sacks, O. The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat. Summit Books ISBN 0-671-55471-9 (Hardcover) ISBN 0-06-097079-0 (Paperback)
Sacks, O. (1990). Awakenings. New York, Vintage Books. (See also Oliver Sacks) ISBN 0-671-64834-9 (Hardcover) ISBN 0-06-097368-4 (Paperback)
Encyclopedia:Neuroscience Scholarpedia Expert articles
Sternberg, E. (2007) Are You a Machine? The Brain, the Mind and What it Means to be Human. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books.
Churchland, P. S. (2011) Braintrust: What Neuroscience Tells Us about Morality. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-13703-X
Selvin, Paul (2014) "Hot Topics presentation: New Small Quantum Dots for Neuroscience. SPIE Newsroom, doi:10.1117/2.3201403.17