[attach]7848[/attach]
胸大肌
根据Halsted-Meyer理论,乳腺癌传播的主要途径是通过淋巴管。因此,人们认为,进行更广泛,更残缺的外科手术可以消除更多的淋巴结,从而有更大的治愈机会。[17]从1920年开始,许多外科医生进行的手术比Halsted的原始手术更具侵入性。 Sampson Handley注意到Halsted通过胸骨下乳内淋巴结链对胸壁和胸骨的恶性转移的观察,并采用“扩展”的根治性乳房切除术,包括切除位于那里的淋巴结和植入镭针进入前肋间隙。[18]他的儿子理查德·S·汉德利(Richard S. Handley)研究了这一系列研究,他研究了乳腺癌内乳淋巴结的淋巴结,并证实了150名乳腺癌患者中有33%在手术时有内部乳房链受累[19]。随后,许多外科医生如Sugarbaker和Urban扩大了根治性乳房切除术,包括切除内乳淋巴结。[20] [21]最终,这种“扩展的”根治性乳房切除术进一步扩展到包括Dahl-Iversen和Tobiassen在乳房切除术时切除锁骨上淋巴结。[22]像Prudente这样的一些外科医生甚至采用乳房切除术标本切除整个上臂,试图治愈相对晚期的局部疾病。[23]这种日益激进的进展最终导致了“超级激进”的乳房切除术,其包括完全切除所有乳房组织,腋窝内容,去除背阔肌,胸大肌和小肌以及内乳淋巴结的解剖。[24]经过回顾性分析,扩大根治性乳房切除术被放弃,因为这些大规模和禁用手术证明并不优于标准根治性切除术。
参考:
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"Super Radical Mastectomy". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2017-04-02.