Hermann Ebbinghaus(1850-1909)进行了认知研究,主要研究人类记忆的功能和能力。艾宾浩斯开发了他自己的实验,在这个实验中,他用不存在的单词构建了超过2000个音节,例如EAS。然后他检查了自己学习这些非单词的个人能力。他故意选择非单词而不是真实单词来控制已有经验对单词可能象征的影响,从而更容易回忆起它们。[6] [8]艾宾浩斯观察并假设了一些可能影响他学习和回忆他所创造的非单词的能力的变量。他总结说,其中一个原因是刺激列表的呈现与背诵或召回之间的时间量。 Ebbinghaus是第一个记录和绘制“学习曲线”和“遗忘曲线”的人。[9]他的作品对连续位置及其对记忆的影响的研究产生了重大影响,将在后面的章节中讨论。
Mary Whiton Calkins(1863-1930)是一位在心理学领域具有影响力的美国先驱。她的工作也集中在人的记忆能力上。一种称为新近效应的共同理论可归因于她所进行的研究。[10]在随后的实验部分中讨论的新近效应是个体能够准确地重新收集在一系列刺激中呈现的最终项目的趋势。 Calkin的理论与Hermann Ebbinghaus所进行的记忆实验的上述研究和结论密切相关。[11]
Jean Piaget是发展心理学领域最重要和最有影响力的人物之一。他相信人类与动物相比是独一无二的,因为我们有能力进行“抽象的象征性推理”。他的作品可以与Lev Vygotsky,Sigmund Freud和Erik Erikson相提并论,他们也是发展心理学领域的杰出贡献者。今天,伯爵因研究儿童的认知发展而闻名。他研究了自己的三个孩子和他们的智力发展,并提出了一个描述儿童在发展过程中经历的阶段的理论。[16]
一些进化心理学家假设人类使用元认知作为生存工具。[27] 关于元认知的著作至少可以追溯到希腊哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384-322)的两部作品:On the Soul 和 Parva Naturalia。[28]
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