Paracelsus在他的作品Von den Krankheiten(翻译为“关于疾病”,1567)中被认为是第一个提及无意识认知方面的人,并且他的临床方法创造了一个有说服力的系统,被一些人视为现代的开端科学心理学。[12]威廉·莎士比亚在他的许多戏剧中探讨了无意识[13]的作用,并没有将其命名为此。[14] [15] [16]此外,西方哲学家如亚瑟·叔本华,[17] [18] Baruch Spinoza,Gottfried Leibniz,Johann Gottlieb Fichte,Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel,Eduard von Hartmann,SørenKierkegaard和Friedrich Nietzsche [19]都使用了“无意识”这个词。
荣格的观点
主要文章:荣格和集体无意识
瑞士精神病学家Carl Gustav Jung进一步发展了这一概念。他同意弗洛伊德的观点,认为无意识是人格的决定因素,但他提出将无意识分为两层:个人无意识和集体无意识。个人无意识是一种曾经有意识但却被遗忘或压抑的物质库,就像弗洛伊德的观念一样。然而,集体无意识是心灵中最深层次的,包含了继承的心灵结构和原型经验的积累。原型不是记忆,而是具有普遍意义的图像,在文化中使用符号是显而易见的。因此,集体无意识被认为是遗传的,包含整个物种的物质,而不是个人的物质。[30]正如荣格所说,每个人都与整个人类共享集体无意识:“人类进化的整个精神遗产,在每个人的大脑结构中重新出生”。[31]
除了无意识的结构之外,荣格与弗洛伊德的不同之处还在于他不相信性是所有无意识思想的基础。[32]
争议
无意识心灵存在的概念一直存在争议。
Franz Brentano在1874年的“心理学”一书中从实证的角度驳回了无意识的概念,尽管他的拒绝很大程度上取决于他对意识和无意识的定义。[33]
另见:
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Books
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The Philosophy of the Unconscious (1869)
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