- Peter Medawar，人类的未来[60]
所有改编都有不利之处：马腿非常适合在草地上跑步，但它们不能刮伤背部;哺乳动物的头发有助于温度，但为外寄生虫提供了一个利基;唯一的飞行企鹅是在水下。服务于不同功能的适应可能是相互破坏性的。妥协和临时发生广泛，而不是完美。选择压力拉向不同的方向，导致的适应性是某种妥协。[61]
由于自然种群携带大量的遗传变异，可能会出现适应前的适应。[77]在二倍体真核生物中，这是有性生殖系统的结果，其中突变等位基因被部分屏蔽，例如，通过遗传优势。[78]微生物具有巨大的种群，也具有大量的遗传变异性。 Salvador Luria和MaxDelbrück提供了微生物遗传变异的预适应性的第一个实验证据，他们开发了波动测试，这是一种显示预先存在的遗传变化的随机波动的方法，该变异赋予大肠杆菌对噬菌体的抗性。 [79]。
另见
Adaptive evolution in the human genome
Adaptive memory
Adaptive mutation
Adaptive system
Anti-predator adaptation
Body reactivity
Ecological trap
Evolutionary pressure
Evolvability
Intragenomic conflict
Neutral theory of molecular evolution
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