19世纪的科学家研究了电信号在整个神经(即神经元束)中的传播,并证明神经组织由细胞组成,而不是相互连接的管网(网状细胞)。[64] Carlo Matteucci对Galvani的研究进行了跟踪,并证明细胞膜上有电压并可产生直流电。 Matteucci的作品激发了德国生理学家Emil du Bois-Reymond,他在1843年发现了动作电位。[引证需要]动作电位的传导速度首先在1850年由du Bois-Reymond的朋友Hermann von Helmholtz测量。[引证需要为了确定神经组织是由不连续的细胞组成,西班牙医生SantiagoRamónyCajal和他的学生使用Camillo Golgi开发的染色来揭示无数形状的神经元,他们煞费苦心。对于他们的发现,Golgi和RamónyCajal被授予1906年诺贝尔生理学奖。[δ]他们的工作解决了19世纪神经解剖学的长期争议;高尔基本人曾主张神经系统的网络模型。
另见
Neuroscience portal
Anode break excitation
Biological neuron model
Bursting
Central pattern generator
Chronaxie
Frog battery
Neural accommodation
Single-unit recording
Soliton model in neuroscience
参考
In general, while this simple description of action potential initiation is accurate, it does not explain phenomena such as excitation block (the ability to prevent neurons from eliciting action potentials by stimulating them with large current steps) and the ability to elicit action potentials by briefly hyperpolarizing the membrane. By analyzing the dynamics of a system of sodium and potassium channels in a membrane patch using computational models, however, these phenomena are readily explained.[α]
Note that these Purkinje fibers are muscle fibers and not related to the Purkinje cells, which are neurons found in the cerebellum.
Footnotes
Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1952). "A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve". The Journal of Physiology. 117 (4): 500–544. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004764. PMC 1392413. PMID 12991237.
. p. 24 https://books.google.com.au/book ... 0one%20millisecond. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., editors. Neuroscience. 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2001. Voltage-Gated Ion Channels. Available from: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 June 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, pp. 150–151.
Junge 1981, pp. 89–90.
Schmidt-Nielsen 1997, p. 484.
Purves et al. 2008, pp. 48-49; Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, p. 141; Schmidt-Nielsen 1997, p. 483; Junge 1981, p. 89.
Stevens 1966, p. 127.
Schmidt-Nielsen, p. 484.
Sanes, Dan H.; Reh, Thomas A (1 January 2012). Development of the nervous system (Third Edition). Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 211–214. ISBN 9780080923208. OCLC 762720374.
Partridge, Donald (1991). Calcium Channels: Their Properties, Functions, Regulation, and Clinical relevance. CRC Press. pp. 138–142. ISBN 9780849388071.
Black, Ira (1984). Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neuronal Development | Ira Black | Springer. Springer. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-4613-2717-2. Archived from the original on 17 July 2017.
Pedersen, Roger (1998). Current Topics in Developmental Biology, Volume 39. Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN 9780080584621.
Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, p. 11.
Silverthorn 2010, p. 253.
Purves et al. 2008, pp. 49–50; Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, pp. 140–141; Schmidt-Nielsen 1997, pp. 480-481.
Schmidt-Nielsen 1997, pp. 483-484.
Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, pp. 177–240; Schmidt-Nielsen 1997, pp. 490-499; Stevens 1966, p. 47–68.
Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, pp. 178–180; Schmidt-Nielsen 1997, pp. 490-491.
Purves et al. 2001.
Purves et al. 2008, pp. 26–28.
Schmidt-Nielsen 1997, pp. 535–580; Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, pp. 49–56, 76–93, 247–255; Stevens 1966, pp. 69–79.
Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, pp. 53; Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, pp. 122–124.
Junge 1981, pp. 115–132.
Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, pp. 152–153.
Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, pp. 444–445.
Purves et al. 2008, p. 38.
Stevens 1966, pp. 127–128.
Purves et al. 2008, pp. 61–65.
Purves et al. 2008, pp. 48–49; Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, p. 141; Schmidt-Nielsen 1997, p. 483; Junge 1981, p. 89.
Purves et al. 2008, pp. 64–74; Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, pp. 149–150; Junge 1981, pp. 84–85; Stevens 1966, pp. 152–158.
Purves et al. 2008, p. 47; Purves et al. 2008, p. 65; Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, pp. 147–148; Stevens 1966, p. 128.
Goldin, AL in Waxman 2007, Neuronal Channels and Receptors, pp. 43–58.
Stevens 1966, p. 49.
Purves et al. 2008, p. 34; Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, p. 134; Schmidt-Nielsen 1997, pp. 478–480.
Purves et al. 2008, pp. 49–50; Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, pp. 140–141; Schmidt-Nielsen 1997, pp. 480–481.
Schmidt-Nielsen 1997, pp. 483–484.
Purves et al. 2008, p. 49.
Stevens 1966, pp. 19–20.
Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, p. 151; Junge 1981, pp. 4–5.
Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, p. 152.
Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, pp. 147–149; Stevens 1966, pp. 126–127.
Purves et al. 2008, p. 37.
Purves et al. 2008, p. 56.
Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, pp. 160–164.
Stevens 1966, pp. 21–23.
Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, pp. 161–164.
Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, p. 509.
Tasaki, I in Field 1959, pp. 75–121
Schmidt-Nielsen 1997, Figure 12.13.
Bullock, Orkand & Grinnell 1977, p. 163.
Waxman, SG in Waxman 2007, Multiple Sclerosis as a Neurodegenerative Disease, pp. 333–346.
Rall, W in Koch & Segev 1989, Cable Theory for Dendritic Neurons, pp. 9–62.
Segev, I; Fleshman, JW; Burke, RE in Koch & Segev 1989, Compartmental Models of Complex Neurons, pp. 63–96.
Purves et al. 2008, pp. 52–53.
Ganong 1991, pp. 59–60.
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Gradmann, D; Mummert, H in Spanswick, Lucas & Dainty 1980, Plant action potentials, pp. 333–344.
Bullock & Horridge 1965.
Hellier, Jennifer L. (2014). The Brain, the Nervous System, and Their Diseases. ABC-Clio. p. 532. ISBN 9781610693387.
Junge 1981, pp. 63–82.
Kettenmann & Grantyn 1992.
Snell, FM in Lavallee, Schanne & Hebert 1969, Some Electrical Properties of Fine-Tipped Pipette Microelectrodes.
Brazier 1961; McHenry & Garrison 1969; Worden, Swazey & Adelman 1975.
Bernstein 1912.
Baranauskas, G.; Martina, M. (2006). "Sodium Currents Activate without a Hodgkin and Huxley-Type Delay in Central Mammalian Neurons". J. Neurosci. 26 (2): 671–684. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2283-05.2006. PMID 16407565.
Hoppensteadt 1986.
Sato, S; Fukai, H; Nomura, T; Doi, S in Reeke et al. 2005, Bifurcation Analysis of the Hodgkin-Huxley Equations, pp. 459–478.
* FitzHugh, R in Schwann 1969, Mathematical models of axcitation and propagation in nerve, pp. 12–16.
* Guckenheimer & Holmes 1986, pp. 12–16
Nelson, ME; Rinzel, J in Bower & Beeman 1995, The Hodgkin-Huxley Model, pp. 29–49.
* Rinzel, J & Ermentrout, GB; in Koch & Segev 1989, Analysis of Neural Excitability and Oscillations, pp. 135–169.
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McCulloch 1988, pp. 19–39, 46–66, 72–141; Anderson & Rosenfeld 1988, pp. 15–41.
Getting, PA in Koch & Segev 1989, Reconstruction of Small Neural Networks, pp. 171–194.
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Further reading
Aidley DJ, Stanfield PR (1996). Ion Channels: Molecules in Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-49882-1.
Bear MF, Connors BW, Paradiso MA (2001). Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. Baltimore: Lippincott. ISBN 0-7817-3944-6.
Clay JR (May 2005). "Axonal excitability revisited". Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 88 (1): 59–90. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2003.12.004. PMID 15561301.
Deutsch S, Micheli-Tzanakou E (1987). Neuroelectric Systems. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-1782-9.
Hille B (2001). Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes (3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-321-1.
Johnston D; Wu SM-S (1995). Foundations of Cellular Neurophysiology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Bradford Book, The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-10053-3.
Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM (2000). Principles of Neural Science (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-8385-7701-6.
Miller C (1987). "How ion channel proteins work". In LK Kaczmarek; IB Levitan (eds.). Neuromodulation: The Biochemical Control of Neuronal Excitability. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 39–63. ISBN 978-0-19-504097-5.
Nelson DL, Cox MM (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-7108-1.
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Ionic flow in action potentials at Blackwell Publishing
Action potential propagation in myelinated and unmyelinated axons at Blackwell Publishing
Generation of AP in cardiac cells and generation of AP in neuron cells
Resting membrane potential from Life: The Science of Biology, by WK Purves, D Sadava, GH Orians, and HC Heller, 8th edition, New York: WH Freeman, ISBN 978-0-7167-7671-0.
Ionic motion and the Goldman voltage for arbitrary ionic concentrations at The University of Arizona
A cartoon illustrating the action potential
Action potential propagation
Production of the action potential: voltage and current clamping simulations[permanent dead link]
Open-source software to simulate neuronal and cardiac action potentials at SourceForge.net
Introduction to the Action Potential, Neuroscience Online (electronic neuroscience textbook by UT Houston Medical School)
Khan Academy: Electrotonic and action potential