结核分枝杆菌复合体(MTBC)包括另外四种引起结核分枝杆菌:M. bovis,M。africanum,M。canetti和M. microti。[31] M. africanum并不普遍,但它是非洲部分地区结核病的重要原因。[32] [33] M. bovis曾经是结核病的常见原因,但巴氏杀菌牛奶的引入几乎完全消除了这在发达国家的公共卫生问题。[13] [34] M. canetti是罕见的,似乎仅限于非洲之角,尽管在非洲移民中发现了一些案例。[35] [36] M. microti也很少见,几乎只见于免疫缺陷人群,尽管其患病率可能被低估了。[37]
[attach]8076[/attach]
Robert Carswell对结节的描述[60]
结核病被归类为肉芽肿性炎症性疾病之一。巨噬细胞,T淋巴细胞,B淋巴细胞和成纤维细胞聚集形成肉芽肿,淋巴细胞围绕受感染的巨噬细胞。当其他巨噬细胞攻击受感染的巨噬细胞时,它们融合在一起,在肺泡腔中形成巨大的多核细胞。肉芽肿可以防止分枝杆菌的传播,并为免疫系统细胞的相互作用提供局部环境。[61]然而,最近的证据表明细菌使用肉芽肿来避免宿主免疫系统的破坏。肉芽肿中的巨噬细胞和树突细胞不能将抗原呈递给淋巴细胞;因此免疫反应受到抑制。[62]肉芽肿内的细菌可能会休眠,导致潜伏感染。肉芽肿的另一个特征是在结节中心发生异常细胞死亡(坏死)。肉眼看来,它具有柔软的白色奶酪质地,被称为干酪样坏死。[61]
虽然理查德莫顿在1689年建立了与结节相关的肺结核病[126] [127],但由于其症状的多样性,直到19世纪20年代,结核病才被确定为单一疾病。 J.L.Schönlein于1839年创造了“结核病”的名称。[128] 1838年至1845年间,1839年以来肯塔基猛犸洞所有者John Croghan博士带来了许多结核病患者进入洞穴,希望通过恒温和纯净的洞穴空气治愈疾病;每人在一年内死亡。[129] Hermann Brehmer于1859年在西里西亚的Görbersdorf(现为Sokołowsko)开设了第一家结核病疗养院。[130]
[attach]8077[/attach]
罗伯特科赫发现了结核杆菌。
Robert Koch于1882年3月24日确定并描述了导致结核病,结核分枝杆菌的杆菌。[131]他因此发现于1905年获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。[132]科赫不相信牛和人类结核病是相似的,这延迟了对被感染牛奶作为感染源的认识。在20世纪上半叶,在应用巴氏灭菌过程后,从该来源传播的风险显着降低。科赫于1890年宣布结核杆菌的甘油提取物作为结核病的“补救措施”,称其为“结核菌素”。虽然它没有效果,但后来成功地作为有症状前结核病存在的筛查试验。[133]世界防治结核病日是每年3月24日,即科赫原始科学宣布周年纪念日。
Albert Calmette和CamilleGuérin在1906年使用减毒牛应变结核病取得了第一次真正的结核病免疫接种成功。它被称为bacille Calmette-Guérin(BCG)。 BCG疫苗于1921年在法国首次用于人类[134],但仅在第二次世界大战后才在美国,英国和德国得到广泛接受。[135]
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