杏仁核的刺激导致仓鼠的攻击行为增强[72] [73],而蜥蜴进化同源区的病变大大降低了竞争驱动力和攻击性(Bauman et al.2006)。[74]在恒河猴中,杏仁核或海马中的新生儿病变导致社会支配地位的降低,这与侵略和恐惧的调节有关。[75]例如,在攻击引发的叙利亚金仓鼠中进行的几项试验支持了杏仁核内涉及控制侵略的循环声称。[73]杏仁核的作用在灵长类动物中不太明显,并且似乎更多地依赖于情境背景,病变导致社会关联或攻击性反应的增加。
社会与文化
人类与非人类动物分享侵略方面,并具有与遗传,早期发展,社会学习和灵活性,文化和道德等因素相关的特定方面和复杂性。 Konrad Lorenz在其1963年的经典作品“On Aggression”中指出,人类的行为是由四个寻求生存的动物驱动器塑造的。总而言之,这些驱动 - 饥饿,恐惧,繁殖和侵略 - 实现自然选择。[110] E. O. Wilson在On On Nature中详细阐述了侵略通常是获得对资源的控制的一种手段。因此,在人口密度高造成资源短缺的时期,侵略行为会加剧。[111]根据理查德·利基及其同事的说法,人类对人类的侵略也因对所有权和保护自己的财产更感兴趣而增加。[112]然而,联合国教科文组织于1989年通过了“塞维利亚暴力声明”,驳斥了进化科学家的说法,即遗传本身就是侵略的唯一原因。[113] [114]
挫折是侵略的另一个主要原因。挫折侵略理论指出,如果一个人觉得他或她被阻止实现目标,那么侵略就会增加(Aronson et al.2005)。一项研究发现,与目标的接近程度有所不同。该研究调查了排队等候的人,并得出结论,当有人排队时,第二人比第12人更具侵略性(Harris 1974)。意外的沮丧可能是另一个因素。在一项单独的研究中,为了证明意外的挫败感如何导致侵略性增加,Kulik&Brown(1979)选择了一群学生作为志愿者来拨打慈善捐款。一组人被告知,他们打电话的人会很慷慨,收藏非常成功。另一组没有得到任何期望。预计成功的小组在没有人承诺的情况下比不期望成功的小组更令人心烦(每个人都有可怕的成功)。这项研究表明,当一个期望没有实现(成功的收藏)时,会出现意想不到的挫败感,这会增加攻击性。
有证据表明,诸如枪之类的暴力物体的存在可以引发侵略。在Leonard Berkowitz和Anthony Le Page(1967)所做的一项研究中,大学生们生气,然后在枪或羽毛球拍的情况下离开。然后他们被引导相信他们正在给另一名学生带来电击,就像在Milgram实验中那样。曾经在枪支存在的人受到更多冲击。暴力相关刺激可能通过激活语义网络来增加攻击性认知的可能性。
另见
Aggressionism
Aggressive narcissism
Anger
Bullying
Child abuse
Conflict (disambiguation)
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Genetics of aggression
Hero syndrome
Homo homini lupus
Non-aggression pact
Non-aggression principle
Parental abuse by children
Passive aggressive behavior
Rage (emotion)
Relational aggressive behavior
Resource holding potential
Revenge
School bullying
School violence
Social defeat
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