整形这个词目前的语义多样性有着悠久的发展历史。从本质上讲,有两种方法可以使用这个术语。[5]在其原始意义上,整形涉及物质的形成或成形,即涉及整形艺术。整形也可以象征性地用于形成非物质的东西(例如,写一首诗,创作一段音乐等等),即在创造力的意义上。这两个概念已经存在了数千年。整形的物质主义和哲学运用的双重历史的起源可以分别追溯到古希腊的陶器和神话工艺。塑料一词的更广泛的文字使用始于普林尼的长老(公元23-79)Plastice,他的自然历史中的一章。整形的语义蓬勃发展始于18世纪末约翰·戈特弗里德·赫尔德(Johann Gottfried Herder)在其1778年的美学论文Plastik(雕塑)中引入了“塑料感”的概念。[5]
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罗马学者Aulus Cornelius Celsus在公元一世纪记录了手术技术,包括整形手术。
罗马人还进行了整形美容手术。罗马人能够从公元前1世纪左右开始执行简单的技术,例如修复受损的耳朵。出于宗教原因,他们没有剖析人类或动物,因此他们的知识完全基于他们的希腊前辈的文本。尽管如此,Aulus Cornelius Celsus还是留下了一些令人惊讶的精确解剖学描述,[15]其中一些 - 例如,他对生殖器和骨骼的研究 - 对整形手术特别感兴趣。[16]
在1465年,Sabuncu的书,描述和尿道下裂的分类更具信息性和最新。详细描述了尿道口的定位。 Sabuncuoglu还详细描述了模棱两可的生殖器的描述和分类。[引证需要]在15世纪中期的欧洲,Heinrich von Pfolspeundt描述了一个过程“为一个完全缺乏它的人制造一个新的鼻子,并且狗吞噬了它”从手臂后部取下皮肤并将其缝合到位。然而,由于与任何形式的手术相关的危险,特别是涉及头部或面部的手术,直到19世纪和20世纪,这种手术才变得普遍。
1793年,FrançoisChopart使用颈部皮瓣对唇部进行手术。 1814年,约瑟夫·卡普(Joseph Carpue)成功地对一名英国军官进行了手术,该军官对汞治疗的毒性作用感到不满。 1818年,德国外科医生Carl Ferdinand von Graefe发表了他的主要着作Rhinoplastik。 Von Graefe使用手臂上的游离皮肤移植修改了意大利方法,而不是原来的延迟椎弓根皮瓣。
第一位美国整形外科医生是John Peter Mettauer,他于1827年用他自己设计的器械进行了第一次腭裂手术。 1845年,约翰·弗里德里希·迪芬巴赫(Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach)撰写了一篇关于鼻整形术的综合文章,名为“操作性手术”(Operative Chirurgie),并介绍了再次手术的概念,以改善重建鼻子的美容外观。
另见
Biomaterial
Body modification
Ethnic plastic surgery
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Scalp reconstruction
List of plastic surgery flaps
Cosmetic surgery in Australia
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