[attach]8601[/attach]
M. leprae,麻风病的致病因子之一:作为一种抗酸细菌,当使用Ziehl-Neelsen染色剂时,麻风杆菌呈现红色。
M. leprae和M. lepromatosis是麻风病的致病因子。[27] M. lepromatosis是一种相对新发现的分枝杆菌,于2008年从弥漫性麻风性麻风病的致命病例中分离出来。[5] [28] M. lepromatosis在临床上与M. leprae无法区分。[29]
麻风杆菌是一种细胞内耐酸细菌,有氧和棒状。[30] M. leprae被分枝杆菌属特有的蜡质细胞膜包被。[30]
遗传上,麻风杆菌和M. lepromatosis缺乏独立生长所必需的基因。[31] M. leprae和M. lepromatosis是专性细胞内病原体,不能在实验室中生长(培养)。[31]无法培养M. leprae和M. lepromatosis导致难以在严格解释Koch假设的情况下明确识别细菌生物。[5] [31]
[attach]8598[/attach]
M. H. A. Hansen,M. leprae的发现者
利用比较基因组学,2005年,遗传学家追踪了东非或近东沿人类迁徙路线的麻风病的起源和全球分布。他们发现了四种具有特定区域位置的麻风杆菌。菌株1主要发生在亚洲,太平洋地区和东非;西非和加勒比地区的4号菌株;欧洲,北非和美洲的3号菌株;和应变2只在埃塞俄比亚,马拉维,尼泊尔/印度北部和新喀里多尼亚。
整个欧洲的早期麻风病研究由挪威科学家Daniel Cornelius Danielssen和Carl Wilhelm Boeck进行。 他们的工作促成了国家麻风病研究和治疗中心的建立。 Danielssen和Boeck认为麻风病传播的原因是遗传性的。 这种立场在倡导隔离受性别感染的人以防止繁殖方面具有影响力。[117] [118] [119]
参考:
Worobec, SM (2008). "Treatment of leprosy/Hansen's disease in the early 21st century". Dermatologic Therapy. 22 (6): 518–37. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01274.x. PMID 19889136.
"Definition of leprosy". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 2015-01-25.
Suzuki K, Akama T, Kawashima A, Yoshihara A, Yotsu RR, Ishii N (February 2012). "Current status of leprosy: epidemiology, basic science and clinical perspectives". The Journal of Dermatology. 39 (2): 121–9. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01370.x. PMID 21973237.
"Leprosy Fact sheet N°101". World Health Organization. January 2014. Archived from the original on 2013-12-12.
"New Leprosy Bacterium: Scientists Use Genetic Fingerprint To Nail 'Killing Organism'". ScienceDaily. 2008-11-28. Archived from the original on 2010-03-13. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
Schreuder, P.A.M.; Noto, S.; Richardus J.H. (January 2016). "Epidemiologic trends of leprosy for the 21st century". Clinics in Dermatology. 34 (1): 24–31. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.11.001. PMID 26773620.
GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
Sotiriou, MC; Stryjewska, BM; Hill, C (7 September 2016). "Two Cases of Leprosy in Siblings Caused by Mycobacterium lepromatosis and Review of the Literature". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 95 (3): 522–7. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0076. PMC 5014252. PMID 27402522.
"Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Transmission". cdc.gov. April 29, 2013. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
Montoya, D; Modlin, RL (2010). "Learning from leprosy: insight into the human innate immune response". Advances in Immunology. 105: 1–24. doi:10.1016/S0065-2776(10)05001-7. ISBN 9780123813022. PMID 20510728.
Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Leprosy. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstr ... 26383-eng.pdf?ua=1: World Health Organization. 2018. pp. xiii. ISBN 978-92-9022-638-3.
CDC (2018-01-26). "World Leprosy Day". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
"Global leprosy situation, 2012". Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 87 (34): 317–28. August 2012. PMID 22919737.
Rodrigues LC; Lockwood DNj (June 2011). "Leprosy now: epidemiology, progress, challenges, and research gaps". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 11 (6): 464–70. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70006-8. PMID 21616456.
"Hansen's Disease Data & Statistics". Health Resources and Services Administration. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
Walsh F (2007-03-31). "The hidden suffering of India's lepers". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2007-05-29.
Lyn TE (2006-09-13). "Ignorance breeds leper colonies in China". Independat News & Media. Archived from the original on 2010-04-08. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
Byrne, Joseph P. (2008). Encyclopedia of pestilence, pandemics, and plagues. Westport, Conn.[u.a.]: Greenwood Press. p. 351. ISBN 978-0-313-34102-1.
editors, Enrico Nunzi, Cesare Massone (2012). Leprosy a practical guide. Milan: Springer. p. 326. ISBN 978-88-470-2376-5. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
"Neglected Tropical Diseases". cdc.gov. June 6, 2011. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
McMenamin, Dorothy (2011). Leprosy and stigma in the South Pacific : a region-by-region history with first person accounts. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7864-6323-7. Archived from the original on 2016-05-19.
WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy - Eight report (PDF). World Health Organization. 2012. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9789241209687. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
Talhari C, Talhari S, Penna GO (2015). "Clinical aspects of leprosy". Clinics in Dermatology. 33 (1): 26–37. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.07.002. PMID 25432808.
Kulkarni GS (2008). Textbook of Orthopedics and Trauma (2nd ed.). Jaypee Brothers Publishers. p. 779. ISBN 978-81-8448-242-3.
"Q and A about leprosy". American Leprosy Missions. Archived from the original on 2012-10-04. Retrieved 2011-01-22. Do fingers and toes fall off when someone gets leprosy? No. The bacillus attacks nerve endings and destroys the body's ability to feel pain and injury. Without feeling pain, people injure themselves on fire, thorns, rocks, even hot coffee cups. Injuries become infected and result in tissue loss. Fingers and toes become shortened and deformed as the cartilage is absorbed into the body.
Reinar, Liv Merete; Forsetlund, Louise; Bjørndal, Arild; Lockwood, Diana (2008-07-16). "Interventions for skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD004833. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004833.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 18646114.
admin (2016-02-11). "Clinical Diagnosis of Leprosy". International Textbook of Leprosy. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
Ryan, Kenneth J.; Ray, C. George, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 451–3. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0. OCLC 61405904.
"Genomics Insights into the Biology and Evolution of Leprosy Bacilli". International Textbook of Leprosy. 2016-02-11. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
McMurray DN (1996). "Mycobacteria and Nocardia". In Baron S; et al. (eds.). Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. OCLC 33838234. Archived from the original on 2009-02-12.
Bhattacharya S, Vijayalakshmi N, Parija SC (1 October 2002). "Uncultivable bacteria: Implications and recent trends towards identification". Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 20 (4): 174–7. PMID 17657065. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
"WHO | Microbiology: culture in vitro". WHO. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
admin (2016-02-11). "The Armadillo Model for Leprosy". International Textbook of Leprosy. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
Loughry WJ, Truman RW, McDonough CM, Tilak MK, Garnier S, et al. (2009) "Is leprosy spreading among nine-banded armadillos in the southeastern United States?" J Wildl Dis 45: 144–152.
Meredith, Anna; Del Pozo, Jorge; Smith, Sionagh; Milne, Elspeth; Stevenson, Karen; McLuckie, Joyce (September 2014). "Leprosy in red squirrels in Scotland". Veterinary Record. 175 (11): 285–286. doi:10.1136/vr.g5680. PMID 25234460.
Monot M, Honoré N, Garnier T, Araoz R, Coppee JY, et al. (2005). "On the origin of leprosy". Science 308: 1040–1042.
Han, Xiang Y.; Silva, Francisco J.; Baker, Stephen (13 February 2014). "On the Age of Leprosy". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 8 (2): e2544. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002544. PMC 3923669. PMID 24551248.
"Red squirrels in the British Isles are infected with leprosy bacilli", Dr. Andrej Benjak, Prof Anna Meredith and others. Science, 11 November 2016. Archived 11 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
"Could squirrel fur trade have contributed to England's medieval leprosy outbreak?". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
Inskip, S; Taylor, GM; Anderson, S; Stewart, G (November 2017). "Leprosy in pre-Norman Suffolk, UK: biomolecular and geochemical analysis of the woman from Hoxne" (PDF). Journal of Medical Microbiology. 66 (11): 1640–1649. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.000606. PMID 28984227.
Penna, Maria Lucia F.; Penna, Gerson O.; Iglesias, Paula C.; Natal, Sonia; Rodrigues, Laura C. (2016-05-18). Small, Pamela L. C. (ed.). "Anti-PGL-1 Positivity as a Risk Marker for the Development of Leprosy among Contacts of Leprosy Cases: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 10 (5): e0004703. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004703. ISSN 1935-2735. PMC 4871561. PMID 27192199.
Alcaïs A, Mira M, Casanova JL, Schurr E, Abel L (2005). "Genetic dissection of immunity in leprosy". Curr. Opin. Immunol. 17 (1): 44–8. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2004.11.006. PMID 15653309.
Lockwood DN, Lambert SM (January 2011). "Human immunodeficiency virus and leprosy: an update". Dermatologic Clinics. 29 (1): 125–8. doi:10.1016/j.det.2010.08.016. PMID 21095536.
admin (2016-02-11). "Epidemiology of Leprosy". International Textbook of Leprosy. Retrieved 2019-07-30.
Eichelmann, K.; González González, S. E.; Salas-Alanis, J. C.; Ocampo-Candiani, J. (2013-09-01). "Leprosy. An Update: Definition, Pathogenesis, Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment". Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition). 104 (7): 554–563. doi:10.1016/j.adengl.2012.03.028. ISSN 1578-2190. PMID 23870850.
"What Is Leprosy?" THE MEDICAL NEWS | from News-Medical.Net – Latest Medical News and Research from Around the World. Web. 20 Nov. 2010. "What is Leprosy?". 2009-11-18. Archived from the original on 2013-06-06. Retrieved 2013-05-14..
Truman RW, Singh P, Sharma R, Busso P, Rougemont J, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Kapopoulou A, Brisse S, Scollard DM, Gillis TP, Cole ST (April 2011). "robable Zoonotic Leprosy in the Southern United States". The New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society. 364 (17): 1626–1633. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1010536. PMC 3138484. PMID 21524213.
"Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Transmission". cdc.gov. April 29, 2013. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
Cambri, Geison; Mira, Marcelo Távora (2018-07-20). "Genetic Susceptibility to Leprosy—From Classic Immune-Related Candidate Genes to Hypothesis-Free, Whole Genome Approaches". Frontiers in Immunology. 9: 1674. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01674. ISSN 1664-3224. PMC 6062607. PMID 30079069.
Cook, Gordon C. (2009). Manson's tropical diseases (22nd ed.). [Edinburgh]: Saunders. p. 1056. ISBN 978-1-4160-4470-3. Archived from the original on 2017-09-04.
Buschman E, Skamene E (Jun 2004). "Linkage of leprosy susceptibility to Parkinson's disease genes" (PDF). International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases. 72 (2): 169–70. doi:10.1489/1544-581X(2004)072<0169OLSTP>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0148-916X. PMID 15301585. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 5, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2011.
Bhat, Ramesh Marne; Prakash, Chaitra (2012). "Leprosy: An Overview of Pathophysiology". Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases. 2012: 181089. doi:10.1155/2012/181089. ISSN 1687-708X. PMC 3440852. PMID 22988457.
"Diagnosis of Leprosy." WHO. from "WHO | Diagnosis of leprosy". Archived from the original on 2014-06-05. Retrieved 2014-07-14. accessed on 14 July 2014.
Moschella, Samuel L; Garcia-Albea, Victoria (September 2016). "International Textbook of Leprosy" (PDF). Differential Diagnosis of Leprosy. p. 3, Section 2.3. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration. (n.d.). National Hansen's disease (leprosy) program Retrieved from "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-02-10. Retrieved 2013-05-12.
"Signs and Symptoms | Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2018-10-22. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
"Leprosy Specific Orofacial Aspects". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
admin (2016-02-11). "athogenesis and Pathology of Leprosy". International Textbook of Leprosy. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
de Sousa, Jorge Rodrigues; Sotto, Mirian Nacagami; Simões Quaresma, Juarez Antonio (2017). "Leprosy As a Complex Infection: Breakdown of the Th1 and Th2 Immune Paradigm in the Immunopathogenesis of the Disease". Frontiers in Immunology. 8: 1635. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01635. ISSN 1664-3224. PMC 5712391. PMID 29234318.
Smith DS (2008-08-19). "Leprosy: Overview". eMedicine Infectious Diseases. Archived from the original on 2010-02-18. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
Singh N, Manucha V, Bhattacharya SN, Arora VK, Bhatia A (June 2004). "itfalls in the cytological classification of borderline leprosy in the Ridley-Jopling scale". Diagn. Cytopathol. 30 (6): 386–8. doi:10.1002/dc.20012. PMID 15176024.
Ridley DS, Jopling WH; Jopling (1966). "Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system". Int. J. Lepr. Other Mycobact. Dis. 34 (3): 255–73. PMID 5950347.
Kumar, Bhushan; Uprety, Shraddha; Dogra, Sunil (2016-02-11). "Clinical Diagnosis of Leprosy". International Textbook of Leprosy. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
Jardim MR, Antunes SL, Santos AR, et al. (July 2003). "Criteria for diagnosis of pure neural leprosy". J. Neurol. 250 (7): 806–9. doi:10.1007/s00415-003-1081-5. PMID 12883921.
Mendiratta V, Khan A, Jain A (2006). "rimary neuritic leprosy: a reappraisal at a tertiary care hospital". Indian J Lepr. 78 (3): 261–7. PMID 17120509.
Ishida Y, Pecorini L, Guglielmelli E (July 2000). "Three cases of pure neuritic (PN) leprosy at detection in which skin lesions became visible during their course". Nihon Hansenbyo Gakkai Zasshi. 69 (2): 101–6. doi:10.5025/hansen.69.101. PMID 10979277.
Mishra B, Mukherjee A, Girdhar A, Husain S, Malaviya GN, Girdhar BK (1995). "Neuritic leprosy: further progression and significance". Acta Leprol. 9 (4): 187–94. PMID 8711979.
Talwar S, Jha PK, Tiwari VD (September 1992). "Neuritic leprosy: epidemiology and therapeutic responsiveness". Lepr Rev. 63 (3): 263–8. PMID 1406021.
Duthie MS, Gillis TP, Reed SG (November 2011). "Advances and hurdles on the way toward a leprosy vaccine". Hum Vaccin. 7 (11): 1172–83. doi:10.4161/hv.7.11.16848. PMC 3323495. PMID 22048122.
Setia MS, Steinmaus C, Ho CS, Rutherford GW (March 2006). "The role of BCG in prevention of leprosy: a meta-analysis". Lancet Infect Dis. 6 (3): 162–70. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70412-1. PMID 16500597.
Merle CS, Cunha SS, Rodrigues LC (2010). "BCG vaccination and leprosy protection: Review of current evidence and status of BCG in leprosy control". Expert Review of Vaccines. 9 (2): 209–222. doi:10.1586/ERV.09.161. PMID 20109030.
World Health Organization (June 2018). "BCG vaccine: WHO position paper, February 2018 – Recommendations". Vaccine. 36 (24): 3408–3410. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.009. ISSN 0264-410X. PMID 29609965.
"Leprosy Vaccine". American Leprosy Missions. Archived from the original on November 15, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
"Trial set for world's first leprosy vaccine". The Guardian. June 6, 2014. Archived from the original on October 11, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
"China's Mars plans, leprosy vaccine and self-driving taxis". Nature. 537 (7618): 12–13. 2016-08-31. Bibcode:2016Natur.537...12.. doi:10.1038/537012a. PMID 27582199.
"WHO | MDT and drug resistance". WHO. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
Reibel, F.; Cambau, E.; Aubry, A. (2015-09-01). "Update on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of leprosy". Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses. 45 (9): 383–393. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2015.09.002. ISSN 0399-077X. PMID 26428602.
"Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002" (xls). World Health Organization. 2002. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16.
"WHO | Global Leprosy Strategy 2016−2020: Accelerating towards a leprosy-free world". WHO. Retrieved 2019-01-14.
"WHO | Global leprosy update, 2015: time for action, accountability and inclusion". WHO. Retrieved 2019-01-14.
Maggie Veatch (21 Feb 2019). "Leprosy still lurks in United States, study says". CNN.
"About ILEP". ILEP. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-08-25.
admin (2016-02-11). "Epidemiology of Leprosy". International Textbook of Leprosy. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
World Health Organization. (1985). "Epidemiology of leprosy in relation to control. Report of a WHO Study Group". World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. Geneva: World Health Organization. 716: 1–60. ISBN 978-92-4-120716-4. OCLC 12095109. PMID 3925646.
Monot, Marc; Honoré, Nadine; Garnier, Thierry; Araoz, Romul; Coppée, Jean-Yves; Lacroix, Céline; Sow, Samba; Spencer, John S.; Truman, Richard W.; Williams, Diana L.; Gelber, Robert; Virmond, Marcos; Flageul, Béatrice; Cho, Sang-Nae; Ji, Baohong; Paniz-Mondolfi, Alberto; Convit, Jacinto; Young, Saroj; Fine, Paul E.; Rasolofo, Voahangy; Brennan, Patrick J.; Cole, Stewart T. (13 May 2005). "On the Origin of Leprosy". Science. 308 (5724): 1040–1042. doi:10.1126/science/1109759. PMID 15894530.
Robbins, G; Mushrif, V.; Misra, V.N.; Mohanty, R.K.; Shinde, V.S.; Gray, K.M.; Schug, M.D. (May 2009). "Ancient skeletal evidence for Leprosy in India (2000 B.C.)". PLoS ONE. 4 (5): e5669. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5669R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005669. PMC 2682583. PMID 19479078.
Robbins Schug, G; Blevins, K. Elaine; Cox, Brett; Gray, Kelsey; Mushrif-Tripathy, Veena (December 2013). "Infection, Disease, and Biosocial Process at the End of the Indus Civilization". PLoS ONE. 0084814 (12): e84814. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...884814R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084814. PMC 3866234. PMID 24358372.
Francis Adams, The Seven Books of Paulus Aegineta: Translated from the Greek with Commentary Embracing a Complete View of the Knowledge Possessed by the Greeks, Romans and Arabians on all Subjects Connected with Medicine and Surgery, 3 vols. (London: Sydenham Society, 1678
Roman: Celsus, Pliny, Serenus Samonicus, Scribonius Largus, Caelius Aurelianus, Themison, Octavius Horatianus, Marcellus the Emperic; Greek: Aretaeus, Plutarch, Galen, Oribasius, Aetius, Actuarius, Nonnus, Psellus, Leo, Myrepsus; Arabic: Scrapion, Avenzoar, Albucasis, the Haly Abbas translated by Stephanus Antiochensis, Alsharavius, Rhases, and Guido de Cauliaco
William S. Haubrich (2003). Medical Meanings: A Glossary of Word Origins. ACP Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-930513-49-5.
Michael Wilkins; Craig A. Evans; Darrell Bock; Andreas J. Köstenberger (1 October 2013). The Gospels and Acts. B&H Publishing Group. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-4336-8101-1.
Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics: A Compilation of Jewish Medical Law on All Topics of Medical Interest ... Feldheim Publishers. 2003. p. 951. ISBN 978-1-58330-592-8.
Robert I. Rotberg (2001). Population History and the Family: A Journal of Interdisciplinary History Reader. MIT Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-262-68130-8.
Robbins, Gwen; Tripathy, V. Mushrif; Misra, V. N.; Mohanty, R. K.; Shinde, V. S.; Gray, Kelsey M.; Schug, Malcolm D. (May 27, 2009). "Ancient Skeletal Evidence for Leprosy in India (2000 B.C.)". PLoS ONE. 4 (5): e5669. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5669R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005669. PMC 2682583. PMID 19479078.
"DNA of Jesus-Era Shrouded Man in Jerusalem Reveals Earliest Case of Leprosy". ScienceDaily. 2009-12-16. Archived from the original on 2009-12-20. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
Schuenemann, Verena J.; Avanzi, Charlotte; Krause-Kyora, Ben; Seitz, Alexander; Herbig, Alexander; Inskip, Sarah; Bonazzi, Marion; Reiter, Ella; Urban, Christian; Dangvard Pedersen, Dorthe; Taylor, G. Michael; Singh, Pushpendra; Stewart, Graham R.; Velemínsky, Petr; Likovsky, Jakub; Marcsik, Antónia; Molnár, Erika; Pálfi, György; Mariotti, Valentina; Riga, Alessandro; Belcastro, M. Giovanna; Boldsen, Jesper L.; Nebel, Almut; Mays, Simon; Donoghue, Helen D.; Zakrzewski, Sonia; Benjak, Andrej; Nieselt, Kay; Cole, Stewart T.; Krause, Johannes (2018). "Ancient genomes reveal a high diversity of Mycobacterium leprae in medieval Europe". PLOS Pathogens. 14 (5): e1006997. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006997. PMC 5944922. PMID 29746563.
Irgens LM (2002). "The discovery of the leprosy bacillus". Tidsskr nor Laegeforen. 122 (7): 708–9. PMID 11998735.
Andrew Baum; et al. (1997). Cambridge handbook of psychology, health and medicine. Cambridge, Angleterre: Cambridge University Press. p. 521. ISBN 978-0-521-43686-1. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11.
Rees RJ, Pearson JM, Waters MF (1970). "Experimental and Clinical Studies on Rifampicin in Treatment of Leprosy". Br Med J. 688 (1): 89–92. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5688.89. PMC 1699176. PMID 4903972.
Yawalkar SJ, McDougall AC, Languillon J, Ghosh S, Hajra SK, Opromolla DV, Tonello CJ (1982). "Once-monthly rifampicin plus daily dapsone in initial treatment of lepromatous leprosy". Lancet. 319 (8283): 1199–1202. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92334-0. PMID 6122970.
Syphilis through history Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopædia Britannica
"Communicable Diseases Department, Leprosy FAQ". World Health Organization. 2006-05-25. Archived from the original on 2010-02-01. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
Japan repealed its "Leprosy Prevention Laws" in 1996, but former patients still reside in sanatoriums. "Koizumi apologises for leper colonies". BBC News. May 25, 2001. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. and Former Hansen's disease patients still struggling with prejudice Japan Times June 7, 2007 Archived August 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Arch Dermato Syphilis 1898; 44:159–174
Gussow, Zachary (1989). Leprosy, Racism, and Public Health. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-0674-2.
"Leprosy". www.who.int. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
"Leprosy". www.who.int. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
"WHO | WHO donated MDT". WHO. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
Jacob, Jesse; Franco-Paredes, Carlos (2008). "The stigmatization of leprosy in India and its impact on future approaches to elimination and control". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2 (1): e113. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000113. PMC 2217676. PMID 18235845.
[See: Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. "Entry for 'LEPER; LEPROSY'". "International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". 1915. Access-date=January 6, 2017
Covey, Herbert C. (2001). "eople with leprosy (Hansen's disease) during the Middle Ages" (PDF). Social Science Journal. 38 (2): 315–321. doi:10.1016/S0362-3319(01)00116-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
Le Goff, Jacques (1990). The Medieval world. London: Collins & Brown. ISBN 978-1-85585-081-1.
Clay, Rotha (1909). The Mediaeval Hospitals of England. Cornell University Library. ISBN 978-1-112-20443-2.
Rubin, Stanley (1974). Medieval English medicine. New York: Barnes & Noble Books: Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-06-496016-8.
Moore, R. I. (2007). The Formation of a Persecuting Society. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-2964-0.
Alter, Andrea (2010). Genetic susceptibility to leprosy. McGill University (Canada): ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. ISBN 978-0-494-72613-6.
Svein Atle Skålevåg. "Daniel Cornelius Danielssen". Store norske leksikon. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
Svein Atle Skålevåg (2014-09-28). "Carl Wilhelm Boeck". Store norske leksikon. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
White, Cassandra (2005). "Explaining a Complex Disease Process: Talking to Patients about Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) in Brazil". Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 19 (3): 310–330. doi:10.1525/maq.2005.19.3.310. ISSN 0745-5194. JSTOR 3655365.
Barret, Ronald (June 2005). "Self-Mortification and the Stigma of Leprosy in Northern India". Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 19 (2): 216–230. doi:10.1525/maq.2005.19.2.216. ISSN 1548-1387. JSTOR 3655487.
"Leprosy elimination: World Health Organization". Archived from the original on 2014-03-14. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
Staples, James (2014). "Communities of the afflicted: constituting leprosy through place in South India". Medical Anthropology: Cross-Cultural Studies in Health and Illness. 33 (1): 6–20. doi:10.1080/01459740.2012.714021. PMID 24383749.
Tayman, John (2007). The Colony: The Harrowing True Story of the Exiles of Molokai. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-3301-9. Archived from the original on 2016-01-02.
Hamilton, Bernard (2000). The leper king and his heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64187-6.
Webber, Roger (2015). Disease Selection: The Way Disease Changed the World. CABI. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-78064-682-4. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
Cung giu Nguyên (1955). "Contemporary Vietnamese Writing". Books Abroad. University of Oklahoma. 29 (1): 19–25. doi:10.2307/40093803. JSTOR 40093803.
Bryant A (1995). Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle for Power (Campaign Series, 40). Osprey Publishing (UK). ISBN 978-1-85532-395-7. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
Truman, Richard (2005). "Leprosy in wild armadillos". Lepr Rev. 76 (3): 198–208. PMID 16248207.
Sharma, Rahul; Lahiri, Ramanuj; Scollard, David M.; Pena, Maria; Williams, Diana L.; Adams, Linda B.; Figarola, John; Truman, Richard W. (2013-01-01). "The armadillo: a model for the neuropathy of leprosy and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases". Disease Models & Mechanisms. 6 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1242/dmm.010215. ISSN 1754-8403. PMC 3529335. PMID 23223615.
Job, C. K.; Drain, V.; Truman, R.; Deming, A. T.; Sanchez, R. M.; Hastings, R. C. (2016-06-01). "The pathogenesis of leprosy in the nine-banded armadillo and the significance of IgM antibodies to PGL-1". Indian Journal of Leprosy. 64 (2): 137–151. ISSN 0254-9395. PMID 1607712.