1990年癌症死亡人数为580万。[175]死亡人数一直在增加,主要原因是发展中国家的寿命延长和生活方式的改变。[22]发生癌症的最重要风险因素是年龄。[176]虽然癌症可能在任何年龄发作,但大多数侵袭性癌症患者超过65岁。[176]根据癌症研究人员Robert A. Weinberg的说法,“如果我们活得足够长,迟早我们都会得癌症。”[177]老化与癌症之间的一些关联归因于免疫衰老,[178] DNA累积的错误一生[179]和与年龄有关的内分泌系统变化。[180]衰老对癌症的影响因DNA损伤和促进炎症的因素以及血管老化和抑制内分泌变化等因素而变得复杂。[181]
在15,16和17世纪,医生可以通过剖析尸体来发现死亡原因。[190]德国教授威廉·法布里认为乳腺癌是由乳腺导管中的乳凝块引起的。荷兰教授Francois de la Boe Sylvius,笛卡尔的追随者,认为所有疾病都是化学过程的结果,酸性淋巴液是导致癌症的原因。他的当代尼古拉斯·图尔普认为癌症是一种慢慢传播的毒药,并认为它具有传染性。[191]
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