另见:
Lichen planus
List of cutaneous conditions
List of cutaneous conditions associated with increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer
List of human leukocyte antigen alleles associated with cutaneous conditions
参考:
James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 227. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
Meffert JJ, Davis BM, Grimwood RE. Lichen Sclerosus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32(3): 393-416.
Laymon, CW (1951). "Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and related disorders". MA Arch Derm Syphilol. 64 (5): 620–627. doi:10.1001/archderm.1951.01570110090013. PMID 14867888.
National Vulvodynia Association. "Vulvodynia Fact Sheet". Vulvodynia Media Corner. National Vulvodynia Association. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
National Institute of Health. "Fast Facts About Lichen Sclerosus". Lichen Sclerosus. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
Yesudian, PD; Sugunendran, H; Bates, CM; O'Mahony, C (2005). "Lichen sclerosus". Int J STD AIDS. 16 (7): 465–473. doi:10.1258/0956462054308440. PMID 16004624.
Regauer, S (2005). "Immune dysregulation in lichen sclerosus". Eur J Cell Biol. 84 (2–3): 273–277. doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2004.12.003. PMID 15819407.
Birenbaum, DL; Young, RC (2007). "High prevalence of thyroid disease in patients with lichen sclerosus". J Reprod Med. 52 (1): 28–30. PMID 17286064.
Meyrick Thomas, RH; Kennedy, CT (Mar 1986). "The development of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in monozygotic twin girls". The British Journal of Dermatology. 114 (3): 377–379. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb02831.x. PMID 3954957.
Cox, NH; Mitchell, JN; Morley, WN (Dec 1986). "Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in non-identical female twins". The British Journal of Dermatology. 115 (6): 743–746. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb06659.x. PMID 3801314.
Sherman, V; McPherson, T; Baldo, M; Salim, A; Gao, XH; Wojnarowska, F (Sep 2010). "The high rate of familial lichen sclerosus suggests a genetic contribution: an observational cohort study". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV. 24 (9): 1031–1034. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03572.x. PMID 20202060.
Meyrick Thomas, RH; Ridley, CM; McGibbon, DH; Black, MM (1988). "Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and autoimmunity—a study of 350 women". Br J Dermatol. 118 (1): 41–46. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb01748.x. PMID 3342175.
Drut, RM; Gomez, MA; Drut, R; Lojo, MM (1998). "Human papillomavirus is present in some cases of childhood penile lichen sclerosus: an in situ hybridization and SP-PCR study". Pediatr Dermatol. 15 (2): 85–90. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.1998.1998015085.x. PMID 9572688.
Yashar, S; Han, KF; Haley, JC (2004). "Lichen sclerosus-lichen planus overlap in a patient with hepatitis C virus infection". Br J Dermatol. 150 (1): 168–169. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05707.x. PMID 14746647.
Eisendle, K; Grabner, TG; Kutzner, H (2008). "Possible Role of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Infection in Lichen Sclerosus". Br J Dermatol. 144 (5): 591–598. doi:10.1001/archderm.144.5.591. PMID 18490585.
Pass, CJ (1984). "An unusual variant of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus: delayed appearance in a surgical scar". Cutis. 33 (4): 405. PMID 6723373.
Milligan, A; Graham-Brown, RA; Burns, DA (1988). "Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus following sunburn". Clin Exp Dermatol. 13 (1): 36–37. PMID 3208439.
Yates, VM; King, CM; Dave, VK (1985). "Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus following radiation therapy". Arch Dermatol. 121 (8): 1044–1047. doi:10.1001/archderm.121.8.1044. PMID 4026344.
Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus at eMedicine
Shelley, W. B.; Shelley, E. D.; Amurao, C. V. (2006). "Treatment of lichen sclerosus with antibiotics". International Journal of Dermatology. 45 (9): 1104–1106. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.02978.x. PMID 16961523.
Depasquale, I.; Park, A.J.; Bracka, A. (2000). "The treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans". BJU International. 86 (4): 459–465. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2000.00772.x. ISSN 1464-4096.
Chi, CC; Kirtschig, G; Baldo, M; Lewis, F; Wang, SH; Wojnarowska, F (Aug 2012). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 67 (2): 305–12. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.02.044. PMID 22483994.
"ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 93: diagnosis and management of vulvar skin disorders". Obstet Gynecol. 111 (5): 1243–53. May 2008. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31817578ba. PMID 18448767.
"Does lichen sclerosus play a central role in the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus negative vulvar squamous cell carcinoma? The itch-scratch-lichen sclerosus hypothesis." Scurry J, Int J Gynecol Cancer. 1999 Mar;9(2):89-97.
Todd, P.; Halpern, S.; Kirby, J.; Pembroke, A. (1994). "Lichen sclerosus and the Kobner phenomenon". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 19 (3): 262–263. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.1994.tb01183.x. ISSN 0307-6938.
Dalziel, K.L.; Millard, P.R.; Wojnarowska, F. (1991). "The treatment of vulval lichen sclerosus with a very potent topical steroid (clobetasol Propionate 0.05%) cream". British Journal of Dermatology. 124 (5): 461–464. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1991.tb00626.x. ISSN 0007-0963.
Garzon, Maria C.; Paller, Amy S. (1999). "Ultrapotent Topical Corticosteroid Treatment of Childhood Genital Lichen Sclerosus". Archives of Dermatology. 135 (5). doi:10.1001/archderm.135.5.525. ISSN 0003-987X.
Dahlman-Ghozlan, Kristina; Hedblad, Mari-Anne; von Krogh, Geo (1999). "Penile lichen sclerosus et atrophicus treated with clobetasol dipropionate 0.05% cream: A retrospective clinical and histopathologic study". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 40 (3): 451–457. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70496-2. ISSN 0190-9622.
Neill, S.M.; Lewis, F.M.; Tatnall, F.M.; Cox, N.H. (2010). "British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus 2010". British Journal of Dermatology. 163 (4): 672–682. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09997.x. ISSN 0007-0963.
Neill, S.M.; Tatnall, F.M.; Cox, N.H. (2002). "Guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus". British Journal of Dermatology. 147 (4): 640–649. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.05012.x. ISSN 0007-0963.
Renaud-Vilmer, Catherine; Cavelier-Balloy, Bénédicte; Porcher, Raphaël; Dubertret, Louis (2004). "Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus". Archives of Dermatology. 140 (6). doi:10.1001/archderm.140.6.709. ISSN 0003-987X.
Bradford, J.; Fischer, G. (2010). "Long-term management of vulval lichen sclerosus in adult women". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 50 (2): 148–152. doi:10.1111/j.1479-828X.2010.01142.x. ISSN 0004-8666.
Li, Y; Xiao, Y; Wang, H; Li, H; Luo, X (Aug 2013). "Low-concentration topical tacrolimus for the treatment of anogenital lichen sclerosus in childhood: maintenance treatment to reduce recurrence". Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology. 26 (4): 239–42. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2012.11.010. PMID 24049806.
Maassen, MS; van Doorn, HC (2012). "[Topical treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus with calcineurin inhibitors]". Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde. 156 (36): A3908. PMID 22951124.
Chi, Ching-Chi; Kirtschig, Gudula; Baldo, Maha; Brackenbury, Fabia; Lewis, Fiona; Wojnarowska, Fenella (2011-12-07). "Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12): CD008240. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008240.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 22161424.
Lee, Andrew; Bradford, Jennifer; Fischer, Gayle (2015). "Long-term Management of Adult Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus". JAMA Dermatology. 151 (10): 1061. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.0643. ISSN 2168-6068.
Fistarol, Susanna K.; Itin, Peter H. (2012). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Lichen Sclerosus". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 14 (1): 27–47. doi:10.1007/s40257-012-0006-4. ISSN 1175-0561. PMC 3691475.
Smith, Yolanda R; Haefner, Hope K (2004). "Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 5 (2): 105–125. doi:10.2165/00128071-200405020-00005. ISSN 1175-0561.
Neill SM, Tatnall FM, Cox NH. Guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:640-9.
Powell, J.; Robson, A.; Cranston, D.; Wojnarowska, F.; Turner, R. (2001). "High incidence of lichen sclerosus in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis". British Journal of Dermatology. 145 (1): 85–89. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04287.x. ISSN 0007-0963.
Windahl, T. (2009). "Is carbon dioxide laser treatment of lichen sclerosus effective in the long run?". Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 40 (3): 208–211. doi:10.1080/00365590600589666. ISSN 0036-5599.
Casabona, Francesco; Gambelli, Ilaria; Casabona, Federica; Santi, Pierluigi; Santori, Gregorio; Baldelli, Ilaria (2017). "Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in chronic penile lichen sclerosus: the impact on tissue repair and patient quality of life". International Urology and Nephrology. 49 (4): 573–580. doi:10.1007/s11255-017-1523-0. ISSN 0301-1623.
Smith SD, Fischer G (2009). "Childhood onset vulvar lichen sclerosus does not resolve at puberty: a prospective case series". Pediatr Dermatol. 26 (6): 725–9. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2009.01022.x.
Nasca, MR; Innocenzi, D; Micali, G (1999). "Penile cancer among patients with genital lichen sclerosus". J Am Acad Dermatol. 41 (6): 911–914. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70245-8. PMID 10570372.
Poulsen, H; Junge, J; Vyberg, M; Horn, T; Lundvall, F (2003). "Small vulvar squamous cell carcinomas and adjacent tissues. A morphologic study". APMIS. 111 (9): 835–842. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0463.2003.1110901.x. PMID 14510640.
Barbagli, G; Palminteri, E; Mirri, F; Guazzoni, G; Turini, D; Lazzeri, M (2006). "Penile carcinoma in patients with genital lichen sclerosus: a multicenter survey". J Urol. 175 (4): 1359–1363. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00735-4. PMID 16515998.
van de Nieuwenhof, HP; van der Avoort, IA; de Hullu, JA (2008). "Review of squamous premalignant vulvar lesions". Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 68 (2): 131–156. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.02.012. PMID 18406622.
Henquet, CJ (Aug 2011). "Anogenital malignancies and pre-malignancies". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV. 25 (8): 885–95. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03969.x. PMID 21272092.
Halonen, Pia; Jakobsson, Maija; Heikinheimo, Oskari; Riska, Annika; Gissler, Mika; Pukkala, Eero (2017). "Lichen sclerosus and risk of cancer". International Journal of Cancer. 140 (9): 1998–2002. doi:10.1002/ijc.30621. ISSN 0020-7136.
Pietrzak, Peter; Hadway, Paul; Corbishley, Cathy M.; Watkin, Nicholas A. (2006). "Is the association between balanitis xerotica obliterans and penile carcinoma underestimated?". BJU International. 98 (1): 74–76. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06213.x. ISSN 1464-4096.
Fistarol, Susanna K (2013). "Diagnosis and treatment of lichen sclerosus: an update". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 14 (1): 27–47. doi:10.1007/s40257-012-0006-4. PMC 3691475.
Kizer WS, Prairie T, Morey AF. Balanitis xerotica obliterans: epidemiologic distribution in an equal access health care system. South Med J 2003;96(1):9-11
Hallopeau, H (1887). "Du lichen plan et particulièrement de sa forme atrophique: lichen plan scléreux". Ann Dermatol Syphiligr (Paris) (8): 790–791.
Friedrich Jr., EG (1976). "Lichen sclerosus". J Reprod Med. 17 (3): 147–154. PMID 135083.