正常与神经质
D. E. Hamachek在1978年提出了两种截然不同的完美主义,将人们分类为趋向正常的完美主义或神经质的完美主义。正常的完美主义者更倾向于追求完美而不损害他们的自尊,并从他们的努力中获得快乐。神经质完美主义者倾向于争取不切实际的目标,并在他们无法接触时感到不满。 Hamachek提供了几种策略,这些策略已被证明可用于帮助人们从适应不良转向更健康的行为。[6]当代研究支持这样一种观点,即完美主义行为的这两个基本方面,以及诸如“非完美主义”等其他维度,可以区分开来。[7]它们的标记不同,有时被称为积极的奋斗和适应不良的评价问题,主动和被动的完美主义,积极和消极的完美主义,以及适应性和适应不良的完美主义。[8]尽管存在影响所有生活领域的普遍完美主义,但一些研究人员认为,不同领域(即工作,学术,体育,人际关系,家庭生活)的完美主义水平存在显著差异。[3]
像T. S. Greenspon这样的其他人不同意“正常”与“神经质”完美主义的术语,并认为完美主义者渴望完美并且害怕不完美,并且只有在完美的时候才能感觉到其他人会喜欢它们。[9]因此,对于Greenspon来说,完美主义本身从未被视为健康或适应性,而“正常”或“健康”完美主义这两个词是用词不当,因为绝对完美是不可能的。他认为,完美主义应该与“追求卓越”,[9] [10] [自我出版的来源?] [11] [12]区别开来,尤其是对于错误的含义。那些追求卓越的人可以将错误(不完美)作为激励更加努力的动力。不健康的完美主义者认为他们的错误是个人缺陷的标志。对于这些人来说,对潜在失败的焦虑是完美主义被视为负担的原因。
奋斗与关注
J. Stoeber和K. Otto认为,完美主义包括两个主要方面:完美主义的奋斗和完美主义的关注。完美主义的奋斗与完美主义的积极方面有关;完美主义的担忧与消极方面有关(见下文)。
其他着名的人物是完美主义者,包括Filippo Brunelleschi,[32] Leonardo da Vinci,[33] [34] Nicolaus Copernicus,[35] Ludwig van Beethoven,[36] [37] Gustave Flaubert,[38] [39] Johannes勃拉姆斯,[40] [41] Franz Kafka,[42] Stanley Kubrick,[43] [44] Andrei Tarkovsky,[45] [46] Brian Wilson,[47] [48]和Steve Jobs,[49] [50] ]所有人都被认为是各自领域历史上最核心的人物之一。
另见:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Perfect is the enemy of good
Satisficing
Self-acceptance
Self-compassion
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