Medication
The first line therapy for aphthous stomatitis is topical agents rather than systemic medication,[6] with topical corticosteroids being the mainstay treatment.[2][14] Systemic treatment is usually reserved for severe disease due to the risk of adverse side effects associated with many of these agents. A systematic review found that no single systemic intervention was found to be effective.[6] Good oral hygiene is important to prevent secondary infection of the ulcers.[2]
Occasionally, in females where ulceration is correlated to the menstrual cycle or to birth control pills, progestogen or a change in birth control may be beneficial.[2] Use of nicotine replacement therapy for people who have developed oral ulceration after stopping smoking has also been reported.[8] Starting smoking again does not usually lessen the condition.[11] Trauma can be reduced by avoiding rough or sharp foodstuffs and by brushing teeth with care. If sodium lauryl sulfate is suspected to be the cause, avoidance of products containing this chemical may be useful and prevent recurrence in some individuals.[20] Similarly patch testing may indicate that food allergy is responsible, and the diet modified accordingly.[2] If investigations reveal deficiency states, correction of the deficiency may result in resolution of the ulceration. For example, there is some evidence that vitamin B12 supplementation may prevent recurrence in some individuals.[20]
Other
Surgical excision of aphthous ulcers has been described, but it is an ineffective and inappropriate treatment.[5] Silver nitrate has also been used as a chemical cauterant.[14] Apart from the mainstream approaches detailed above, there are numerous treatments of unproven effectiveness, ranging from herbal remedies to otherwise alternative treatments, including aloe vera, myrtus communis, Rosa damascena, potassium alum, zinc sulfate, nicotine, polio virus vaccine and prostaglandin E2.[2]
Prognosis
By definition, there is no serious underlying medical condition, and most importantly, the ulcers do not represent oral cancer nor are they infectious. However, aphthae are capable of causing significant discomfort. There is a spectrum of severity, with symptoms ranging from a minor nuisance to disabling.[3] Due to pain during eating, weight loss may develop as a result of not eating in severe cases of aphthous stomatitis. Usually, the condition lasts for several years before spontaneously disappearing in later life.[2]
Epidemiology
Aphthous stomatitis affects between 5% and 66% of people, with about 20% of individuals in most populations having the condition to some degree.[5][7] This makes it the most common disease of the oral mucosa.[18] Aphthous stomatitis occurs worldwide, but is more common in developed countries.[2]
Within nations, it is more common in higher socioeconomic groups.[2] Males and females are affected in an equal ratio, and the peak age of onset between 10 and 19 years.[6] About 80% of people with aphthous stomatitis first developed the condition before the age of 30.[5] There have been reports of ethnic variation. For example, in the United States, aphthous stomatitis may be three times more common in white-skinned people than black-skinned people.[14]
History, society and culture
"Aphthous affectations" and "aphthous ulcerations" of the mouth are mentioned several times in the treatise "Of the Epidemics" (part of the Hippocratic corpus, in the 4th century BC),[22] although it seems likely that this was oral ulceration as a manifestation of some infectious disease, since they are described as occurring in epidemic-like patterns, with concurrent symptoms such as fever.
Aphthous stomatitis was once thought to be a form of recurrent herpes simplex virus infection, and some clinicians still refer to the condition as "herpes" despite this cause having been disproven.[23]
The informal term "canker sore" is sometimes used, mainly in North America,[24] either to describe this condition generally, or to refer to the individual ulcers of this condition,[25] or mouth ulcers of any cause unrelated to this condition. The origin of the word "canker" is thought to have been influenced by Latin, Old English, Middle English and Old North French.[26] In Latin, cancer translates to "malignant tumor" or literally "crab" (related to the likening of sectioned tumors to the limbs of a crab). The closely related word in Middle English and Old North French, chancre, now more usually applied to syphilis, is also thought to be involved.[26] Despite this etymology, aphthous stomatitis is not a form of cancer but rather entirely benign.
An aphtha (plural aphthae) is a non specific term that refers to an ulcer of the mouth. The word is derived from the Greek word aphtha meaning "eruption" or "ulcer".[8] The lesions of several other oral conditions are sometimes described as aphthae, including Bednar's aphthae (infected, traumatic ulcers on the hard palate in infants),[27] oral candidiasis, and foot-and-mouth disease. When used without qualification, aphthae commonly refers to lesions of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Since the word aphtha is often taken to be synonymous with ulcer, it has been suggested that the term "aphthous ulcer" is redundant, but it remains in common use.[28] Stomatitis is also a non-specific term referring to any inflammatory process in the mouth, with or without oral ulceration.[29] It may describe many different conditions apart from aphthous stomatitis such as angular stomatitis.
The current most widely used medical term is "recurrent aphthous stomatitis" or simply "aphthous stomatitis".[3] Historically, many different terms have been used to refer to recurrent aphthous stomatitis or its sub-types, and some are still in use. Mikulicz' aphthae is a synonym of minor RAS,[8] named after Jan Mikulicz-Radecki. Synonyms for major RAS include Sutton's ulcers (named after Richard Lightburn Sutton), Sutton's disease,[30] Sutton's syndrome and pariadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens.[2][8] Synonyms for aphthous stomatitis as a whole include (recurrent) oral aphthae, (recurrent) aphthous ulceration and (oral) aphthosis.[5][13]
In traditional Chinese medicine, claimed treatments for aphthae focus on clearing heat and nourishing Yin.[31]
Rembrandt Gentle White toothpaste did not contain sodium lauryl sulfate, and was specifically marketed as being for the benefit of "canker sore sufferers". When the manufacturer Johnson & Johnson discontinued the product in 2014, it caused a backlash of anger from long term customers, and the toothpaste began to sell for many times the original price on the auction website eBay.[32][33]
参考:
Bruch JM, Treister N (2009). Clinical Oral Medicine and Pathology. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 53. ISBN 9781603275200.
Scully C (2013). Oral and maxillofacial medicine: the basis of diagnosis and treatment (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 226–34. ISBN 978-0-7020-4948-4.
Treister JM, Bruch NS (2010). Clinical oral medicine and pathology. New York: Humana Press. pp. 53–56. ISBN 978-1-60327-519-4.
Altenburg A, Zouboulis CC (September 2008). "Current concepts in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis". Skin Therapy Letter. 13 (7): 1–4. PMID 18839042.
Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE (2008). Oral & maxillofacial pathology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 331–36. ISBN 978-1-4160-3435-3.
Brocklehurst P, Tickle M, Glenny AM, Lewis MA, Pemberton MN, Taylor J, Walsh T, Riley P, Yates JM (September 2012). "Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (9): CD005411. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005411.pub2. PMID 22972085.
Millet D, Welbury R (2004). Clinical problem solving in orthodontics and paediatric dentistry. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 143–44. ISBN 978-0-443-07265-9.
Preeti L, Magesh K, Rajkumar K, Karthik R (September 2011). "Recurrent aphthous stomatitis". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 15 (3): 252–6. doi:10.4103/0973-029X.86669. PMC 3227248. PMID 22144824.
Souza PR, Duquia RP, Breunig JA, Almeida HL (September 2017). "Recurrent aphthous stomatitis in 18-year-old adolescents - Prevalence and associated factors: a population-based study". Anais Brasileiros De Dermatologia. 92 (5): 626–629. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20174692. PMC 5674692. PMID 29166496.
Slebioda Z, Szponar E, Kowalska A (June 2014). "Etiopathogenesis of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and the role of immunologic aspects: literature review". Archivum Immunologiae Et Therapiae Experimentalis. 62 (3): 205–15. doi:10.1007/s00005-013-0261-y. PMC 4024130. PMID 24217985.
Odell W (2010). Clinical problem solving in dentistry (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 87–90. ISBN 978-0-443-06784-6.
"Canker sore". Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. March 24, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Riera Matute G, Riera Alonso E (September – October 2011). "[Recurrent aphthous stomatitis in Rheumatology]". Reumatologia Clinica. 7 (5): 323–8. doi:10.1016/j.reuma.2011.05.003. PMID 21925448.
Scully C, Porter S (April 2008). "Oral mucosal disease: recurrent aphthous stomatitis". The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 46 (3): 198–206. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2007.07.201. PMID 17850936.
Dalvi SR, Yildirim R, Yazici Y (December 2012). "Behcet's Syndrome". Drugs. 72 (17): 2223–41. doi:10.2165/11641370-000000000-00000. PMID 23153327.
Baccaglini L, Lalla RV, Bruce AJ, Sartori-Valinotti JC, Latortue MC, Carrozzo M, Rogers RS (November 2011). "Urban legends: recurrent aphthous stomatitis". Oral Diseases. 17 (8): 755–70. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01840.x. PMC 3192917. PMID 21812866.
Dorfman J, The Center for Special Dentistry
Cawson RA, Odell EW, Porter S (2008). Cawson's essentials of oral pathology and oral medicine (8th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 220–24. ISBN 978-0-443-10125-0.
"International Classification of Diseases-10". World Health Organization. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
Bailey J, McCarthy C, Smith RF (October 2011). "Clinical inquiry. What is the most effective way to treat recurrent canker sores?". The Journal of Family Practice. 60 (10): 621–32. PMID 21977491.
McBride DR (July 2000). "Management of aphthous ulcers". American Family Physician. 62 (1): 149–54, 160. PMID 10905785.
Wikisource:Of the Epidemics
Greenberg MS, Glick M (2003). Burket's oral medicine diagnosis & treatment (10th ed.). Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker. p. 63. ISBN 1-55009-186-7.
"Canker". Oxford dictionaries. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
"Aphthous stomatitis". Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
"Chancre and Canker". Douglas Harper. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
Tricarico A, Molteni G, Mattioli F, Guerra A, Mordini B, Presutti L, Iughetti L (November – December 2012). "Nipple trauma in infants? Bednar aphthae". American Journal of Otolaryngology. 33 (6): 756–7. doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2012.06.009. PMID 22884485.
Fischman SL (June 1994). "Oral ulcerations". Seminars in Dermatology. 13 (2): 74–7. PMID 8060829.
Stewart MG, Selesnick S, eds. (January 1, 2011). Differential diagnosis in otolaryngology – head and neck surgery. New York: Thieme. ISBN 978-1-60406-279-3.
Burruano F, Tortorici S (January – February 2000). "[Major aphthous stomatitis (Sutton's disease): etiopathogenesis, histological and clinical aspects]". Minerva Stomatologica. 49 (1–2): 41–50. PMID 10932907.
Liu C, Tseng A, Yang S (2004). Chinese Herbal Medicine Modern Applications of Traditional Formulas. London: CRC Press. p. 533. ISBN 978-0-203-49389-2.
Deardorff J (March 5, 2014). "Loss of canker sore toothpaste angers loyal users". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
Graedon J, Graedon T (2002). The people's pharmacy guide to home and herbal remedies. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-312-98139-6.作者: 大江 时间: 2019-8-31 00:00
口疮性口炎是一种常见病症,其特征在于在其他健康个体中反复形成良性和非传染性口腔溃疡(口疮)。非正式术语溃疡疮也被使用,主要在北美,虽然这也可能是指任何口腔溃疡。
参考:
Bruch JM, Treister N (2009). Clinical Oral Medicine and Pathology. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 53. ISBN 9781603275200.
Scully C (2013). Oral and maxillofacial medicine: the basis of diagnosis and treatment (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 226–34. ISBN 978-0-7020-4948-4.
Treister JM, Bruch NS (2010). Clinical oral medicine and pathology. New York: Humana Press. pp. 53–56. ISBN 978-1-60327-519-4.
Altenburg A, Zouboulis CC (September 2008). "Current concepts in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis". Skin Therapy Letter. 13 (7): 1–4. PMID 18839042.
Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE (2008). Oral & maxillofacial pathology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 331–36. ISBN 978-1-4160-3435-3.
Brocklehurst P, Tickle M, Glenny AM, Lewis MA, Pemberton MN, Taylor J, Walsh T, Riley P, Yates JM (September 2012). "Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (9): CD005411. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005411.pub2. PMID 22972085.
Millet D, Welbury R (2004). Clinical problem solving in orthodontics and paediatric dentistry. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 143–44. ISBN 978-0-443-07265-9.
Preeti L, Magesh K, Rajkumar K, Karthik R (September 2011). "Recurrent aphthous stomatitis". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 15 (3): 252–6. doi:10.4103/0973-029X.86669. PMC 3227248. PMID 22144824.
Souza PR, Duquia RP, Breunig JA, Almeida HL (September 2017). "Recurrent aphthous stomatitis in 18-year-old adolescents - Prevalence and associated factors: a population-based study". Anais Brasileiros De Dermatologia. 92 (5): 626–629. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20174692. PMC 5674692. PMID 29166496.
Slebioda Z, Szponar E, Kowalska A (June 2014). "Etiopathogenesis of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and the role of immunologic aspects: literature review". Archivum Immunologiae Et Therapiae Experimentalis. 62 (3): 205–15. doi:10.1007/s00005-013-0261-y. PMC 4024130. PMID 24217985.
Odell W (2010). Clinical problem solving in dentistry (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 87–90. ISBN 978-0-443-06784-6.
"Canker sore". Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. March 24, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Riera Matute G, Riera Alonso E (September – October 2011). "[Recurrent aphthous stomatitis in Rheumatology]". Reumatologia Clinica. 7 (5): 323–8. doi:10.1016/j.reuma.2011.05.003. PMID 21925448.
Scully C, Porter S (April 2008). "Oral mucosal disease: recurrent aphthous stomatitis". The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 46 (3): 198–206. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2007.07.201. PMID 17850936.
Dalvi SR, Yildirim R, Yazici Y (December 2012). "Behcet's Syndrome". Drugs. 72 (17): 2223–41. doi:10.2165/11641370-000000000-00000. PMID 23153327.
Baccaglini L, Lalla RV, Bruce AJ, Sartori-Valinotti JC, Latortue MC, Carrozzo M, Rogers RS (November 2011). "Urban legends: recurrent aphthous stomatitis". Oral Diseases. 17 (8): 755–70. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01840.x. PMC 3192917. PMID 21812866.
Dorfman J, The Center for Special Dentistry
Cawson RA, Odell EW, Porter S (2008). Cawson's essentials of oral pathology and oral medicine (8th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 220–24. ISBN 978-0-443-10125-0.
"International Classification of Diseases-10". World Health Organization. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
Bailey J, McCarthy C, Smith RF (October 2011). "Clinical inquiry. What is the most effective way to treat recurrent canker sores?". The Journal of Family Practice. 60 (10): 621–32. PMID 21977491.
McBride DR (July 2000). "Management of aphthous ulcers". American Family Physician. 62 (1): 149–54, 160. PMID 10905785.
Wikisource:Of the Epidemics
Greenberg MS, Glick M (2003). Burket's oral medicine diagnosis & treatment (10th ed.). Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker. p. 63. ISBN 1-55009-186-7.
"Canker". Oxford dictionaries. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
"Aphthous stomatitis". Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
"Chancre and Canker". Douglas Harper. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
Tricarico A, Molteni G, Mattioli F, Guerra A, Mordini B, Presutti L, Iughetti L (November – December 2012). "Nipple trauma in infants? Bednar aphthae". American Journal of Otolaryngology. 33 (6): 756–7. doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2012.06.009. PMID 22884485.
Fischman SL (June 1994). "Oral ulcerations". Seminars in Dermatology. 13 (2): 74–7. PMID 8060829.
Stewart MG, Selesnick S, eds. (January 1, 2011). Differential diagnosis in otolaryngology – head and neck surgery. New York: Thieme. ISBN 978-1-60406-279-3.
Burruano F, Tortorici S (January – February 2000). "[Major aphthous stomatitis (Sutton's disease): etiopathogenesis, histological and clinical aspects]". Minerva Stomatologica. 49 (1–2): 41–50. PMID 10932907.
Liu C, Tseng A, Yang S (2004). Chinese Herbal Medicine Modern Applications of Traditional Formulas. London: CRC Press. p. 533. ISBN 978-0-203-49389-2.
Deardorff J (March 5, 2014). "Loss of canker sore toothpaste angers loyal users". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
Graedon J, Graedon T (2002). The people's pharmacy guide to home and herbal remedies. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-312-98139-6.