事实上,有几例患者在中世纪存活阴道子宫切除术,这些在十六和十七世纪的医学著作中都有提及。 Giacomo Berengario da Carpi报道了第一个经过认证的病例,他住在博洛尼亚,这是欧洲最古老的医学院之一。在1507年,他被认为进行了部分阴式子宫切除术,并补充说他的父亲在同一年也进行了一次[11]。
格拉本贝格的Schenck报告了17世纪早期的26例病例,1560年意大利的Andreas da Crusce和1675年德国纽伦堡的Valkaner也进行了手术,当时病人似乎幸免于难[12]。现代医学组织对这些早期报道有些持怀疑态度,并且像往常一样,在很大程度上忽略了欧洲助产士的贡献,他们不时截肢脱垂或倒置的产褥子宫。他们还过早地看了一个自助的例子:Faith Howard,一位46岁的农妇,她自己进行手术。这个案例有很好的记录,并于1670年由Percival Willoughby报道,Percival Willoughby是威廉·哈维的早期男性助产士和终身朋友,他著名地发现了血液的循环。显然,有一天,当她带着一大桶煤时,Faith的子宫完全脱垂,并且由于经常发生这种情况而感到沮丧,她抓住了有问题的脏器,尽可能地拉了一下并“用一把短刀把整个子宫都切了下来。 ”。在他的报告中,威洛比说“有一股强大的出血最终停止了”,而且在此之后,Faith活了很多年,“日夜不停地有水从她昏迷的身体中流出”,显然来自膀胱阴道瘘[13,14] 。
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图1.4 Jane Todd Crawford(1763-1842)来自一幅未知来源的年轻简画。 McDowell House,Danville,Kentucky(由McDowell House and Museum,Danville,Kentucky提供)
病人:Jane Todd-Crawford
Jane Todd-Crawford与她的五口之家一起住在肯塔基州格林斯堡附近的Motley's Glenn的一个小木屋里,距离丹维尔约60英里,在44岁的时候,她被认为带着另一个孩子并引起了当地人的关注。医生和助产士,因为她超过了她的截止日期2个月,并且“她患有类似于分娩痛苦的痛苦,这是不间断的”[26]。这两位主治医生都绝望了,并尝试了各种药剂和灌肠用于引产,甚至在绝望中甚至雇用了两名助产士在她极度膨胀的腹部上下跳跃。所有这一切都无济于事,这位可怜的女人腹部如此肿胀,几乎无法呼吸,绝望时他们决定召集“丹维尔的外科医生协助分娩”。
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图1.6 1806年圣诞节那天世界上第一次剖腹手术在肯塔基州丹维尔的Ephraim McDowell's House的厨房桌子上进行。由Dean Cornwell绘画“腹部手术的黎明”(由肯塔基州丹维尔McDowell House and Museum提供)
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图1.7 Jane Todd Crawford。 1842年她去世前几个月,她作为一位老太太的银版照片。她正拿着一张带有亚伯拉罕林肯肖像的小盒子,亚伯拉罕林肯是一位远房亲戚,与她的一个表兄弟结婚,后者成为玛丽托德林肯的美国第一夫人(照片:Chris Sutton McDowell House and Museum,Danville,Kentucky)
他的卵巢切除术的前四个幸存下来,但第五个他没那么幸运,这被证明是第一个记录的腹部子宫切除术,这是一场彻底的灾难。该行动于1843年11月17日在位于曼彻斯特市中心大型广场皮卡迪利的咨询室上方的一楼房间内进行。像往常一样,他在几位朋友和医学生的陪同下作为旁观者,因为在巴斯德或利斯特之前,没有人戴着面具或手术手套,患者给予白兰地和牛奶以减轻手术的痛苦因为在1846年WRT Morton在波士顿马萨诸塞州综合医院引入麻醉之前很长一段时间[35]。他确信他正在处理一个巨大的卵巢囊肿,因此他从剑突到耻骨进行了长达60厘米的手术切口。不幸的是,一旦进入腹膜,患者就会咳嗽,巨大的肿瘤被挤压(图1.9),他惊恐地发现这是一个巨大的纤维瘤,因为病人现在正在挣扎,不得不被医学生强行控制。在腹腔内取代巨大的子宫是不可能的,他别无选择,只能继续进行子宫次全切除术。几天后的11月21日,一位非同寻常的巧合,同时也是曼彻斯特卵巢外科医生的A M Heath发现自己处于类似的情况,手术是巨大的纤维瘤,而不是卵巢囊肿。不幸的是,两个病人在几个小时后死于大出血[19]。
Walter Burnham是一名医生的儿子,在他父亲的指导下学习医学,并于1829年毕业于佛蒙特大学。他于1846年搬到洛厄尔进行普通和妇科手术,并且是早期的倡导者之一。卵巢切除术在30年内完成300次手术,存活率为75%,这些时间都是优异的结果。他的子宫切除结果并不是那么好,在第一个幸存者之后,他在接下来的13年中再进行了15次子宫切除术,但只有两次幸存下来 - 其余的患者继发于腹膜炎,出血和疲惫。
Walter Burnham是马萨诸塞州众议院的成员,并在1855年确保通过“解剖法案”方面发挥了作用,该法案授权医学上获取死者的尸体以进行解剖和解剖学研究。在美国内战期间(1862-1870),他是第六马萨诸塞州志愿者团的外科医生。他于1883年1月16日在洛厄尔的家中去世,享年75岁[41]。
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图1.14来自英格兰中部地区工业城市伯明翰的Lawson Tait是他那一代最伟大的外科医生之一,由于对清洁和无菌原则的严格关注而导致死亡率低(图片由Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers,India提供))
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图1.15十九世纪伦敦最初的圣玛丽医院。 Isaac Baker Brown和Thomas Spencer Wells担任妇科外科医生顾问,二楼角落的房间是Alexander Fleming的实验室,他在那里发现了青霉素(由伦敦圣玛丽医院档案管理员提供)
基思博士结束了可怕的高死亡率的黑暗时期
托马斯基思可能是十九世纪晚期我们专业的最伟大的分析外科医生。他是一个看起来很漂亮的男人,出生在苏格兰边境蒙特罗斯附近的圣塞勒斯曼塞,一生都患有半胱氨酸结石,他需要多次手术,这可能是他令人惊讶的外表(图1.16)。 Thomas Keith于1862年9月进行了他的第一次卵巢切除术,但他的初始死亡率很高。这是Lister提倡消毒外科手术的时候,尽管Keith发现碳酸盐喷雾无助于降低手术死亡率。因此,他把注意力转向了伤口闭合的方法,放弃了Koeberle和后来的Spencer Wells(图1.17)推广的长结扎和外置钳夹,而是将蒂置于椎管内并将其放入腹膜腔内。然后他就筋疲力尽了。
Lawson Tait总结了这个相当黑暗的妇科手术时代的结束,因为“卵巢肿瘤是第一次腹部交战的蝙蝠场。虽然卵巢切开术无疑打开了通往腹部手术的途径,但斯宾塞威尔斯凭借其过时的技术以及73%的腹部肌腱切除术的死亡率无疑阻碍了进展,因为除非生命已经受到威胁,否则没有人会让女性承受如此可怕的风险。 Thomas Keith博士通过向我们展示如何在没有恐惧且风险很小的情况下对腹部进行操作来结束这个黑暗时期“[27]。 (表1.2)。
宫颈癌的根治性子宫切除术首先由美利坚合众国巴尔的摩约翰霍普金斯医学院的John G Clark博士进行,他发表了两个案例的细节,其中所有的参数都被删除[55]。在某些情况下,通过增加淋巴结切除术来改善手术,并由来自维也纳的著名奥地利妇科癌症外科医生Ernst Wertheim(图1.19)推广,此后该手术现在有些不公平地命名[56]。克拉克当时是一名28岁的妇科住院医师,对宫颈癌进行了仔细的病理学研究,结果发现,在大多数标本中,他检查的阔韧带被切得太靠近子宫而且太小了一部分。阴道已被切除[57]。
恩斯特·沃特海姆(Ernst Wertheim,1864-1920)出生于奥地利的格拉茨,曾在布拉格德国大学担任弗里德里希·沙塔的助手,随后他们搬到了维也纳第一和第二大学妇产科的教授职位,最初是在友好的基础但后来不同意,因为Schauta的阴道子宫切除术无法充分切除淋巴结,即使阴道方法无疑更安全[58]。即使由Karl Schuchardt(1856-1901)引入的扩大的会阴松弛切口,像Ossiander和Langenbeck来自Gottingen一样,有足够的视野去除宫旁,但仍然无法移除所有相关的淋巴结[59] 。 Karl Schuchardt成为Stettin州立医院的一名教授,但是在几年后,与Semmelweiss一样,手术针刺伤后脓毒症在45岁时死于悲伤。
Ernst Wertheim于1898年11月16日对陆克文夫人进行了他的第一次腹部子宫切除术和盆腔淋巴结切除术。他仔细研究了宫颈癌淋巴扩散的病理学和常用模式,该程序基于1878年由William Alexander Freund设计的手术。 Breslau以惊人的结果进行了66次激进行动,其中包括55名在手术期间死亡的人。这些主要是由于出血以来的大出血,因为来自维也纳的Landsteiner在1900年才发现了前四个血型[7]。
Hermann Johann Pfannenstiel(1862-1909)从柏林大学获得医学学位,随后转到Breslau Frauernklinic,然后转到Giessen大学,并于1907年成为基尔大学妇产科大学系主任,直到他过早死亡。不幸的是,在切除卵巢脓肿[41]的过程中,Pfannenstiel左手中指被针刺伤,享年47岁。
然而,人类第一次真正腹腔镜检查的功劳归功于斯德哥尔摩的汉斯·克里斯蒂安·雅各布(Hans Christian Jacobaeus)(图1.20),他创造了“腹腔镜检查”一词,并于1910年描述了他用于检查人体周围,胸腔和心包腔的技术。[73]。 仅仅1个月后,Kelling报告了45例腹腔镜检查,并描述了肝脏,肿瘤和肺结核的外观。
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图1.22来自巴黎的Raoul Palmer医生。一般被认为是“手术腹腔镜之交”(照片由已故的Mme Elizabeth Palmer亲属许可)
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