1995年,巴斯德逝世一百周年,《纽约时报》发表了一篇题为“巴斯德的欺骗”的文章。科学史学家杰拉尔德·L·吉森(Gerald L. Geison)仔细阅读了巴斯德的实验室笔记后,宣布巴斯德对在普伊勒堡实验中使用的炭疽疫苗的制备产生了误导性说明。[5]同年,马克斯·佩鲁兹(Max Perutz)在《纽约图书评论》 [6]中发表了对巴斯德的有力辩护。
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