参考文献:
Mandell's Principles and Practices of Infection Diseases 6th Edition (2004) by Gerald L. Mandell MD, MACP, John E. Bennett MD, Raphael Dolin MD, ISBN 0-443-06643-4 · Hardback · 4016 Pages Churchill Livingstone
The Oxford Textbook of Medicine Archived 2006-09-23 at the Wayback Machine Edited by David A. Warrell, Timothy M. Cox and John D. Firth with Edward J. Benz, Fourth Edition (2003), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-262922-0
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine Archived 2012-08-04 at the Wayback Machine 16th Edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, ISBN 0-07-140235-7
medlineplus.gov
Table 13-7 in: Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology: With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1. 8th edition.
"2016 IDSA guidelines" (PDF). Retrieved 1 September 2016.
"IDSA guidelines" (PDF). Retrieved 3 April 2012.
Brito, V; Niederman M (2009). "Healthcare-associated pneumonia is a heterogeneous disease, and all 病人 do not need the same broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy as complex nosocomial pneumonia". Curr Opin Infect Dis. 22 (3): 316–325. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e328329fa4e. PMID 19352176.
Chalmers, JD; Rother C; Salih W; Ewig S. (2014). "Healthcare-associated pneumonia does not accurately identify potentially resistant pathogens: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Clin Infect Dis. 58 (3): 330–9. doi:10.1093/cid/cit734. PMID 24270053.
Muder RR (October 1998). "Pneumonia in residents of long-term care facilities: epidemiology, etiology, management, and prevention". Am. J. Med. 105 (4): 319–30. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00262-9. PMID 9809694.
Mylotte JM (2006). "Nursing home-acquired pneumonia: update on treatment options". Drugs Aging. 23 (5): 377–90. doi:10.2165/00002512-200623050-00002. PMID 16823991.
Furman CD, Rayner AV, Tobin EP (October 2004). "Pneumonia in older residents of long-term care facilities". Am Fam Physician. 70 (8): 1495–500. PMID 15526736.
Terpenning M (June 2005). "Geriatric oral health and pneumonia risk". Clin. Infect. Dis. 40 (12): 1807–10. doi:10.1086/430603. PMID 15909270.
Sarin J, Balasubramaniam R, Corcoran AM, Laudenbach JM, Stoopler ET (February 2008). "Reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonia among elderly 病人 in long-term care facilities through oral health interventions". J Am Med Dir Assoc. 9 (2): 128–35. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2007.10.003. PMID 18261707.
Scannapieco FA (October 2006). "Pneumonia in nonambulatory 病人. The role of oral bacteria and oral hygiene". J Am Dent Assoc. 137 Suppl: 21S–25S. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0400. PMID 17012732. Archived from the original on 2013-02-23.
Azarpazhooh A, Leake JL (September 2006). "Systematic review of the association between respiratory diseases and oral health". J. Periodontol. 77 (9): 1465–82. doi:10.1902/jop.2006.060010. PMID 16945022.
clevelandcliniceded
Rouille the JL. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: an comprehensive review. Hosp Pract (Minneap) 2012; 40:165–175
(clevelandclinicmeded)
(Medlineplus.gov)
Hutt E, Kramer AM (August 2002). "Evidence-based guidelines for management of nursing home-acquired pneumonia". J Fam Pract. 51 (8): 709–16. PMID 12184969.
Depuydt P, Vogelaers D (2007). "Nosocomial pneumonia outside the hospital: health-care associated pneumonia and nursing home pneumonia". Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde (in Dutch). 63 (5): 174–181. doi:10.2143/TVG.63.05.2000033.
American Thoracic Society; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2005). "Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171 (4): 388–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200405-644ST. PMID 15699079.
Venditti M, Falcone M, Corrao S, Licata G, Serra P (January 2009). "Outcomes of 病人 hospitalized with community-acquired, health care-associated, and hospital-acquired pneumonia" (PDF). Ann. Intern. Med. 150 (1): 19–26. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-1-200901060-00005. hdl:10281/9059. PMID 19124816.
Grossman RF, Rotschafer JC, Tan JS (July 2005). "Antimicrobial treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in the hospital setting". Am. J. Med. 118 Suppl 7A (7): 29S–38S. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.05.011. PMID 15993675.
Fernandez HM, Callahan KE, Likourezos A, Leipzig RM (February 2008). "House staff member awareness of older in病人' risks for hazards of hospitalization". Arch. Intern. Med. 168 (4): 390–6. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2007.87. PMID 18299494.[permanent dead link]
Muder RR, Brennen C, Swenson DL, Wagener M (November 1996). "Pneumonia in a long-term care facility. A prospective study of outcome". Arch. Intern. Med. 156 (20): 2365–70. doi:10.1001/archinte.156.20.2365. PMID 8911243.
Kruse RL, Mehr DR, Boles KE, et al. (September 2004). "Does hospitalization impact survival after lower respiratory infection in nursing home residents?". Med Care. 42 (9): 860–70. doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000135828.95415.b1. PMID 15319611.
Dosa D (2005). "Should I hospitalize my resident with nursing home-acquired pneumonia?". J Am Med Dir Assoc. 6 (5): 327–33. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2005.06.005. PMID 16165074.
Janssens JP, Krause KH (February 2004). "Pneumonia in the very old". Lancet Infect Dis. 4 (2): 112–24. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00931-4. PMID 14871636.
Kollef MH, Shorr A, Tabak YP, Gupta V, Liu LZ, Johannes RS (2005). "Epidemiology and outcomes of health-care-associated pneumonia: 结果 from a large US database of culture-positive pneumonia". Chest. 128 (6): 3854–62. doi:10.1378/chest.128.6.3854. PMID 16354854.
Mehr DR, Zweig SC, Kruse RL, et al. (October 1998). "Mortality from lower respiratory infection in nursing home residents. A pilot prospective community-based study". J Fam Pract. 47 (4): 298–304. PMID 9789516.
Mehr DR, Binder EF, Kruse RL, et al. (November 2001). "Predicting mortality in nursing home residents with lower respiratory tract infection: The Missouri LRI Study". JAMA. 286 (19): 2427–36. doi:10.1001/jama.286.19.2427. PMID 11712938.
Naughton BJ, Mylotte JM, Tayara A (October 2000). "Outcome of nursing home-acquired pneumonia: derivation and application of a practical model to predict 30 day mortality". J Am Geriatr Soc. 48 (10): 1292–9. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb02604.x. PMID 11037018.
Fried TR, Gillick MR, Lipsitz LA (March 1997). "Short-term functional outcomes of long-term care residents with pneumonia treated with and without hospital transfer". J Am Geriatr Soc. 45 (3): 302–6. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb00944.x. PMID 9063275.
Loeb M (April 2004). "Pneumonia in the elderly". Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 17 (2): 127–30. doi:10.1097/00001432-200404000-00010. PMID 15021052.
Johnson JC, Jayadevappa R, Baccash PD, Taylor L (October 2000). "Nonspecific 介绍 of pneumonia in hospitalized older people: age effect or dementia?". J Am Geriatr Soc. 48 (10): 1316–20. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb02607.x. PMID 11037021.