在我看来,汉斯·基尔(Hans Kehr)是系统组织和记录良好的胆囊手术的先驱。他的书或纲要在1913年分两卷出版。他报道了2600例胆囊切除术和400例胆总管探查。他提到了导管损伤的并发症。他发明了T型管,该管用于引流总胆管(CBD)。他是第一个建议扩张括约肌以利于切除普通导管结石的人。此时的美国外科手术领导人William J. Mayo和William S. Halsted拜访了Kehr。
William S. Halsted是美国外科手术的先驱,被认为是外科手术学校和教学系统的创始人。他的第一次胆道手术于1881年在他母亲在纽约奥尔巴尼的家中进行。她患有黄疸,发烧和腹部肿块。他切开胆囊并排干胆汁,并取出了几块石头。她从未完全摆脱黄疸病,并于2年后去世。尸检期间发现了大量保留的结石。 Halsted成为美国手术中的主导人物。不幸的是,他患上了急性胆囊炎并接受了手术。然而,两年后,他黄疸病,需要重新检查(保留结石)。作者的先驱者死于胆道手术并发症。
威廉·J·梅奥(William J. Mayo)和他的兄弟查尔斯(Charles)从1893年到1919年对胆囊炎和胆总管结石症进行了2147例手术。
N. Frederick Hicken报告了他在美国的IOC经验,建议在术后通过T型管进行胆道造影。使用X射线机进行胆管造影。必须保护手术室(OR)中的人员免受辐射危害。它具有耗时的一些缺点。快速将X射线板放置在患者下方并在短时间内用另外两个X射线板进行更换并不容易。尽管曝光时间相对较短,但许多胶片并不清晰,或者错过了解剖结构。麻醉师必须在手术过程中保持患者呼吸暂停,并且在某些情况下必须重复进行手术。使用5、10和15 mL对比材料曝光的胶片只有三张。它没有得到广泛的接受。
当我开始进行胆道手术时,很明显,作者的胆总管探查方法需要显着改善。导致扩张的(空的)导管,误导的实验室结果以及不存在的放射学支持是导致令人失望的手术结果的因素(请参见参考文献“保留的结石”)。首先,作者尝试使用已经存在的膀胱镜将盲目检查转换为视觉检查(Nitze,1873)。事实证明,将直的刚性管插入远端球体照明不佳的弯曲CBD中无济于事。在术后期间,没有什么比让患者重新保留结石的症状更令人沮丧的了。 J. Bakes在1923年开发了一个小漏斗,该小漏斗的一侧装有镜子,但开口较大。前大灯反射了光。它似乎太笨拙而不能被广泛接受(图1.24)。
参考文献
Choledocholithiasis Comprehensive Surgical Management
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