参考
"Paresthesia Information Page". National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 14 June 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
"Paresthesia Definition and Origin". dictionary. Retrieved 1 August 2015. Paresthesia refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body. The sensation, which happens without warning, is usually painless and described as tingling or numbness, skin crawling, or itching.
Most people have experienced temporary paresthesia -- a feeling of "pins and needles" -- at some time in their lives when they have sat with legs crossed for too long, or fallen asleep with an arm crooked under their head. It happens when sustained pressure is placed on a nerve. The feeling quickly goes away once the pressure is relieved.
Chronic paresthesia is often a symptom of an underlying neurological disease or traumatic nerve damage. Paresthesia can be caused by disorders affecting the central nervous system, such as stroke and transient ischemic attacks (mini-strokes), multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, and encephalitis. A tumor or vascular lesion pressed up against the brain or spinal cord can also cause paresthesia. Nerve entrapment syndromes, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, can damage peripheral nerves and cause paresthesia accompanied by pain. Diagnostic evaluation is based on determining the underlying condition causing the paresthetic sensations. An individual's medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests are essential for the diagnosis. Physicians may order additional tests depending on the suspected cause of the paresthesia.
Paresthesia Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (NINDS)
Belch JJ, McCollum PT, Walker WF, Stonebridge PA (1996). Color atlas of peripheral vascular diseases. Mosby-Wolfe. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-7234-2074-3.
[ICD-10: R20.2]
[ICD-10: R25.1]
[ICD-10: G57.1]
"Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy". National Cancer Institute. Archived from the original on 11 December 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
"FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA requires label changes to warn of risk for possibly permanent nerve damage from antibacterial fluoroquinolone drugs taken by mouth or by injection". Food & Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Marks, Dawn B.; Swanson, Todd; Kim, Sandra I.; Glucksman, Marc (2007). Biochemistry and Molecular biology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-8624-9.
Paresthesia dental definition: The Free Dictionary. (TheFreeDictionary)
Garisto, G; Gaffen, A; Lawrence, H; Tenenbaum, H; Haas, D (Jul 2010). "Occurrence of Paresthesia After Dental Local Anesthetic Administration in the United States". The Journal of the American Dental Association. 141 (7): 836–844. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2010.0281. PMID 20592403. Archived from the original on 2012-08-20. Retrieved 2013-05-02.
Ietsugu, T; Sukigara, M; Furukawa, TA (Dec 2007). "Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for panic attack using item response theory: findings from the National Comorbidity Survey in USA". Journal of Affective Disorders. 104 (1–3): 197–201. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.03.005. PMID 17434598.
Tihanyi, Benedek T.; Ferentzi, Eszter; Beissner, Florian; Köteles, Ferenc (1 February 2018). "The neuropsychophysiology of tingling" (PDF). Consciousness and Cognition. 58: 97–110. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.10.015. ISSN 1053-8100. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
Nitrous Oxide
Vijverberg, H.P., van den Bercken, J. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. (1990) Neurotoxicological effects and the mode of action of pyrethroid insecticides.
Woolridge Emily; et al. (2005). "Cannabis use in HIV for pain and other medical symptoms". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 29 (4): 358–367. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2004.07.011. PMID 15857739.
Cohen KR, Salbu RL, Frank J, Israel I (2013). "Presentation and management of herpes zoster (shingles) in the geriatric population". P T. 38 (4): 217–27. PMC 3684190. PMID 23785227.