腹胀和疼痛
患者可能会抱怨腹胀,腹胀,“困风”引起的不适和疼痛。在过去,功能性肠病(如肠易激综合征)会产生腹胀症状,这归因于肠道气体的产生增加。但是,三个重要证据驳斥了这一理论。首先,在正常受试者中,即使是非常高的气体输注量(30 mL / min)也可以容忍进入小肠,而不会抱怨疼痛或腹胀,并且无痛地作为直肠的肠胃气通过。其次,旨在量化肠易激综合症患者产生的气体总量的研究(其中有些包括通过刺激从口腔中排出的气体)始终未能证明与健康受试者相比,气体的体积有所增加。在某些肠易激综合症患者中,产生的氢气比例可能会增加,但这并不影响总体积。第三,正常人可以容忍肠易激综合症患者有疼痛和腹胀的肠胃气胀,而不会抱怨疼痛。
参考
"Flatulence". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
"Medical Dictionary: Flatulent". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
"Flatulent". Online Etymological Dictionary. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
"Medical Dictionary: Flatus". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
Tangerman, Albert (October 1, 2009). "Measurement and biological significance of the volatile sulfur compounds hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol and dimethyl sulfide in various biological matrices". Journal of Chromatography B. 877 (28): 3366–3377. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.026. PMID 19505855.
Parveen Kumar; Michael L. Clark, eds. (2005). Kumar & Clark Clinical Medicine (6th ed.). Edinburgh: Saunders. p. 266. ISBN 0702027634.
"Flatulence". NHS. December 12, 2017.
"trump". Oxford English Dictionary.
Azpiroz, F (July 1, 2005). "Intestinal gas dynamics: mechanisms and clinical relevance". Gut. 54 (7): 893–895. doi:10.1136/gut.2004.048868. PMC 1774596. PMID 15951528.
King, TS; Elia, M; Hunter, JO (October 10, 1998). "Abnormal colonic fermentation in irritable bowel syndrome". The Lancet. 352 (9135): 1187–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)02146-1. PMID 9777836.
Bailey, J; Carter, NJ; Neher, JO (June 15, 2009). "FPIN's Clinical Inquiries: Effective management of flatulence". American Family Physician. 79 (12): 1098–100. PMID 19530642.
Bruce G. Wolff; James W. Fleshman; David E. Beck; John H. Pemberton; Steven D. Wexner, eds. (2007), The ASCRS textbook of colon and rectal surgery, New York: Springer Publishing, ISBN 978-0-387-24846-2
"Gas in the Digestive Tract". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
"Flatulence: Causes, remedies, and complications". Medical News Today. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
"Paleo Foods: Brassicas (and not Just the Ones you Know) | Paleo Leap". Paleo Leap | Paleo diet Recipes & Tips. September 14, 2014. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
McGee, Harold (1984). On Food and Cooking. Scribner. pp. 257–8. ISBN 0-684-84328-5.
Czaja-Bulsa G (April 2015). "Non coeliac gluten sensitivity – A new disease with gluten intolerance". Clin Nutr (Review). 34 (2): 189–94. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.08.012. PMID 25245857.
Flanagan PA (1992). "Giardia—diagnosis, clinical course and epidemiology: A review". Epidemiology and Infection. 109 (1): 1–22. JSTOR 3863897. PMC 2272232. PMID 1499664.
Tomlin, J; Lowis, C; Read, NW (June 1991). "Investigation of normal flatus production in healthy volunteers". Gut. 32 (6): 665–669. doi:10.1136/gut.32.6.665. PMC 1378885. PMID 1648028.
Hemmink, GJ; Weusten, BL; Bredenoord, AJ; Timmer, R; Smout, AJ (October 2009). "Aerophagia: excessive air swallowing demonstrated by esophageal impedance monitoring". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 7 (10): 1127–9. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2009.06.029. PMID 19602452.
Levitt, MD; Furne, J; Aeolus, MR; Suarez, FL (November 1998). "Evaluation of an extremely flatulent patient: case report and proposed diagnostic and therapeutic approach". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 93 (11): 2276–2281. PMID 9820415.
Suarez, F; Furne, J; Springfield, J; Levitt, M (May 1997). "Insights into human colonic physiology obtained from the study of flatus composition". American Journal of Physiology. 272 (5 Pt 1): G1028–33. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1997.272.5.G1028. PMID 9176210.
Mercer, Bobby (April 18, 2009). How Do You Light a Fart?: And 150 Other Essential Things Every Guy Should Know about Science. Adams Media. p. 71. ISBN 9781440519871. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
Miller TL; Wolin MJ; de Macario EC; Macario AJ (1982). "Isolation of Methanobrevibacter smithii from human faeces". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 43 (1): 227–32. doi:10.1128/AEM.43.1.227-232.1982. PMC 241804. PMID 6798932.
Pimentel, Mark; Robert P Gunsalus; Satish SC Rao; Husen Zhang (2012). "Methanogens in Human Health and Disease". The American Journal of Gastroenterology Supplements. 1 (1): 28–33. doi:10.1038/ajgsup.2012.6.
Suarez, FL; Springfield, J; Levitt, MD (July 1998). "Identification of gases responsible for the odour of human flatus and evaluation of a device purported to reduce this odour". Gut. 43 (1): 100–4. doi:10.1136/gut.43.1.100. PMC 1727181. PMID 9771412.
Read, M. G.; Read, N. W. (1982). "Role of anorectal sensation in preserving continence". Gut. 23 (4): 345–347. doi:10.1136/gut.23.4.345. PMC 1419736. PMID 7076012.
Brecević L, Bosan-Kilibarda I, Strajnar F (1994). "Mechanism of antifoaming action of simethicone". Journal of Applied Toxicology. 14 (3): 207–11. doi:10.1002/jat.2550140311. PMID 8083482.
Schmulson, M; Chang, L (May 2011). "Review article: the treatment of functional abdominal bloating and distension". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 33 (10): 1071–86. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04637.x. PMID 21488913.
"Flatus tube". Gastro Training. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
Staudacher, HM; Whelan, K; Irving, PM; Lomer, MC (October 2011). "Comparison of symptom response following advice for a diet low in fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAPs) versus standard dietary advice in patients with irritable bowel syndrome". Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 24 (5): 487–95. doi:10.1111/j.1365-277X.2011.01162.x. PMID 21615553.
"Study shows secret to gas-free beans". April 26, 2006. Archived from the original on May 2, 2006. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
Rubin, Jordan S.; Joseph Brasco (2003). Restoring Your Digestive Health. Kensington Books. ISBN 978-0758202826.[page needed]
Ganiats TG; Norcross WA; Halverson AL; Burford PA; Palinkas LA (1994). "Does Beano prevent gas? A double-blind crossover study of oral alpha-galactosidase to treat dietary oligosaccharide intolerance". The Journal of Family Practice. 39 (5): 441–5. PMID 7964541.
Di Stefano M; Strocchi A; Malservisi S; Veneto G; Ferrieri A; Corazza GR (2000). "Non-absorbable antibiotics for managing intestinal gas production and gas-related symptoms". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 14 (8): 1001–8. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00808.x. PMID 10930893.
Turnbull G (2005). "The Ostomy Files:The Issue of Oral Medications and a Fecal Ostomy". Ostomy Wound Management. 51: 14–16.
"Colostomy Guide". January 4, 2006. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
Suarez, F.L.; Furne, J.K.; Springfield, J.R.; Levitt, M.D. (1998). "Bismuth subsalicylate markedly decreases hydrogen sulfide release in the human colon". Gastroenterology. 114 (5): 923–9. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(98)81700-9. PMID 9558280.
Levitt, MD; Springfield, J; Furne, J; Koenig, T; Suarez, FL (April 2002). "Physiology of sulfide in the rat colon: use of bismuth to assess colonic sulfide production". Journal of Applied Physiology. 92 (4): 1655–60. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00907.2001. PMID 11896034.
Ohge, H; Furne, JK; Springfield, J; Sueda, T; Madoff, RD; Levitt, MD (November 7, 2003). "The effect of antibiotics and bismuth on fecal hydrogen sulfide and sulfate-reducing bacteria in the rat". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 228 (1): 137–4 2. doi:10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00748-1. PMID 14612249.
Furne, JK; Suarez, FL; Ewing, SL; Springfield, J; Levitt, MD (July 2000). "Binding of hydrogen sulfide by bismuth does not prevent dextran sulfate-induced colitis in rats". Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 45 (7): 1439–43. doi:10.1023/A:1005580709390. PMID 10961726.
Gordon, MF; Abrams, RI; Rubin, DB; Barr, WB; Correa, DD (March 1995). "Bismuth subsalicylate toxicity as a cause of prolonged encephalopathy with myoclonus". Movement Disorders. 10 (2): 220–2. doi:10.1002/mds.870100215. PMID 7753066.
Suarez, FL; Furne, J; Springfield, J; Levitt, MD (January 1999). "Failure of activated charcoal to reduce the release of gases produced by the colonic flora". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 94 (1): 208–12. PMID 9934757.
Potter, T; Ellis, C; Levitt, M (March 1985). "Activated charcoal: in vivo and in vitro studies of effect on gas formation". Gastroenterology. 88 (3): 620–4. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(85)90129-5. PMID 3917957.
Giffard, CJ; Collins, SB; Stoodley, NC; Butterwick, RF; Batt, RM (March 15, 2001). "Administration of charcoal, Yucca schidigera, and zinc acetate to reduce malodorous flatulence in dogs". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 218 (6): 892–6. doi:10.2460/javma.2001.218.892. PMID 11294313.
Hall RG, Jr; Thompson, H; Strother, A (March 1981). "Effects of orally administered activated charcoal on intestinal gas". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 75 (3): 192–6. PMID 7015846.
Weimer, Chester (January 14, 1997). "Protective underwear with malodorous flatus filter". Retrieved July 27, 2007.
"The 2001 Ig Nobel Prize Winners". Archived from the original on February 25, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
Conant, Brian J.; Myra M. Conant (November 6, 2001). "Flatulence deodorizer". Retrieved September 10, 2007.
"About the Inventor". Flat-D Innovations Inc. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
Chen, Brian X. (December 24, 2008). "iPhone Fart App Rakes in $10,000 a Day". Wired News.
Fishlock, Diana (June 8, 2011). "Penn State professor's essay on farting takes the prize". The Patriot-News. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Retrieved December 28, 2011. Trevor Blank [...] found Pennsylvania boys playing "Safety," a farting game, the same as Blank had as a kid in Maryland, and the same game John Bourke documented in the 1890s, when it was called "Touch Wood." Basically, a boy who farts must say "Safety" or touch wood before his friends say another key phrase. If not, they're allowed to punch him. (It usually is boys who make farting a game or a weapon.)
Joe Chibewa (February 4, 2011). "Chaponda: Oops I goofed, you can fart!". Marevi Post. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
Kean, Sam (2018). "Tummy Trouble". Distillations. Science History Institute. 4 (1): 5. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
ABC Southern Queensland: "Could skippy stop cows farting and end global warming?" February 3, 2006. Example of error. Although the article doesn't specify whether the methane is released by flatulence or eructation, it appears the headline-writer assumes it's through flatulence. Archived October 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
Nowak, Rachel (September 24, 2004). "Burp vaccine cuts greenhouse gas". New Scientist.
"Bovine belching called udderly serious gas problem—Global warming concerns spur effort to cut methane." Archived August 13, 2004, at the Wayback Machine By Gary Polakovic. Los Angeles Times, July 13, 2003.
The City of God Against the Pagans. Philip Levine, editor and translator. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1966., XIV.24.
Salinger, J. D. (1951). The Catcher in the Rye. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780140237504., Chapter 3
Wudu and Passing Wind. sunniforum (2011-09-03) Archived May 15, 2015, at the Wayback Machine[better source needed]