在许多情况下,无法生育的妇女被排除在包括传统仪式在内的社会和文化活动之外。这种污名出现在莫桑比克和尼日利亚,那里的不孕妇女被视为社会的流浪者。这是一种侮辱性的做法,贬低了社会中不育妇女的价值。根据马库阿的传统,怀孕和分娩被认为是妇女的主要生活事件,其仪式只有nthaa'ra和ntha'ara no mwana仪式,只有怀孕并且有孩子的妇女才能参加。
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