参考
Fausto, [ed. by] Vinay Kumar; Abul K. Abbas; Nelson (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-0187-8.
E. Goljan, Pathology, 2nd ed. Mosby Elsevier, Rapid Review Series.
synd/28 at Who Named It?
C. J. Bouchard. étude sur quelques points de la pathogénie des hémorrhagies cérébrales. Paris, 1867.