戈德堡和布卢姆(Goldberg and Bloom)描述了一名妇女,该妇女在左前脑动脉区域中左额叶内侧表面遭受大脑梗塞,这使她留下了涉及右手的异形手的额头变异。没有胼胝体断开的迹象,也没有任何胼胝体损坏的证据。病人表现出频繁的抓握反射。她的右手会伸出手抓住物体而不会释放它们。关于补品的握持,患者越是试图放开物体,对物体的握持就越紧。通过集中精力,患者能够放开对象,但是如果分心,行为将重新开始。病人也可以用完整的左手将手指从与物体接触的地方剥离开来,以强行释放所握住的物体。另外,手会在患者的腿上抓挠,以至于需要使用矫形器来防止受伤。另一位患者报告说,不仅进补能抓住附近的物体,外星人的手也会握住患者的阴茎并进行公共手淫。
参考
Panikkath, Ragesh; Panikkath, Deepa; Mojumder, Deb; Nugent, Kenneth (1 July 2014). "The alien hand syndrome". Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center). 27 (3): 219–220. doi:10.1080/08998280.2014.11929115. PMC 4059570. PMID 24982566.
Biran, Iftah; Giovannetti, Tania; Buxbaum, Laurel; Chatterjee, Anjan (2006-06-01). "The alien hand syndrome: What makes the alien hand alien?". Cognitive Neuropsychology. 23 (4): 563–582. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.537.6357. doi:10.1080/02643290500180282. ISSN 0264-3294. PMID 21049344. The alien hand syndrome is a deeply puzzling phenomenon in which brain-damaged patients experience their limb performing seemingly purposeful acts without their intention. Furthermore, the limb may interfere with the actions of their normal limb.
Aboitiz, F.; Carrasco, X.; Schröter, C.; Zaidel, D.; Zaidel, E.; Lavados, M. (2003). "The alien hand syndrome: classification of forms reported and discussion of a new condition". Neurological Sciences. 24 (4): 252–257. doi:10.1007/s10072-003-0149-4. ISSN 1590-1874. PMID 14658042. The term "alien hand" refers to a variety of clinical conditions whose common characteristic is the uncontrolled behavior or the feeling of strangeness of one extremity, most commonly the left hand.
Aboitiz, F.; Carrasco, X.; Schröter, C.; Zaidel, D.; Zaidel, E.; Lavados, M. (2003). "The alien hand syndrome: classification of forms reported and discussion of a new condition". Neurological Sciences. 24 (4): 252–257. doi:10.1007/s10072-003-0149-4. ISSN 1590-1874. PMID 14658042. A large variety of complex, abnormal, involuntary motor behaviors have been described following callosal lesions which may or may not be accompanied by hemispheric damage, especially in the frontal medial region. Although the different terminologies used to describe these movements attempt to address their clinical specificity, there is a noticeable nosological confusion in the literature which results in assigning similar names, often inappropriate, to diverse phenomena and vice versa. One example of such confusion is the group of syndromes labeled as "alien hand", "anarchic hand" [2, 3], "way-ward hand" [4, 5], "intermanual conflict" and "diagonistic dyspraxia" [7, 8].
Assal, Frédéric; Schwartz, Sophie; Vuilleumier, Patrik (2007). "Moving with or without will: functional neural correlates of alien hand syndrome". Annals of Neurology. 62 (3): 301–6. doi:10.1002/ana.21173. PMID 17638304. S2CID 14180577. Lay summary – ScienceDaily (July 17, 2007).
Belfor, Nataliya; Amici, Serena; Boxer, Adam L.; Kramer, Joel H.; Gorno-Tempini, Maria Luisa; Rosen, Howard J.; Miller, Bruce L. (2006). "Clinical and neuropsychological features of corticobasal degeneration". Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 127 (2): 203–207. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2005.09.013. PMID 16310834.
Kloesel, Benjamin; Czarnecki, Kathrin; Muir, Jeffery J.; Keller, A. Scott (2010). "Sequelae of a left-sided parietal stroke: Posterior alien hand syndrome". Neurocase. 16 (6): 488–93. doi:10.1080/13554794.2010.497154. PMID 20824573.
Mark, Victor W (November 29, 2014). "Alien hand syndrome". MedLink.[unreliable medical source?]
Revonsuo, Antti. Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. New York: Psychology Press, 2010. Web.
Lhermitte, F (1983). 'Utilization behaviour' and its relation to lesions of the frontal lobes. Brain. 106. pp. 237–55. doi:10.1093/brain/106.2.237. ISBN 9780415134989. PMID 6850269.
Lhermitte, F.; Pillon, B.; Serdaru, M. (1986). "Human autonomy and the frontal lobes. Part I: Imitation and utilization behavior: A neuropsychological study of 75 patients". Annals of Neurology. 19 (4): 326–34. doi:10.1002/ana.410190404. PMID 3707084. S2CID 2031690.
Lhermitte, F. (1986). "Human autonomy and the frontal lobes. Part II: Patient behavior in complex and social situations: The 'environmental dependency syndrome'". Annals of Neurology. 19 (4): 335–43. doi:10.1002/ana.410190405. PMID 3707085.
Scepkowski, Lisa A.; Cronin-Golomb, Alice (2003). "The Alien Hand: Cases, Categorizations, and Anatomical Correlates". Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews. 2 (4): 261–77. doi:10.1177/1534582303260119. PMID 15006289.
Doody, R S; Jankovic, J (1992). "The alien hand and related signs". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 55 (9): 806–10. doi:10.1136/jnnp.55.9.806. PMC 1015106. PMID 1402972.
Zaidel, Eran; Iacoboni, Marco; Zaidel, Dahlia W.; Bogen, Joseph E. (2003). "The Callosal Syndromes". In Heilman, Kenneth M.; Valenstein, Edward (eds.). Clinical Neuropsychology (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 347–403. ISBN 978-0-19-972672-1.
Caixeta, Leonardo; Maciel, Patrícia; Nunes, Juliana; Nazareno, Larissa; Araújo, Letícia; Borges, Jules Rimet (2007). "Alien hand syndrome in AIDS: Neuropsychological features and physiopathological considerations based on a case report". Dementia & Neuropsychologia. 1 (4): 418–21. doi:10.1590/S1980-57642008DN10400016. PMC 5619440. PMID 29213422.
Giroud, M; Dumas, R (1995). "Clinical and topographical range of callosal infarction: a clinical and radiological correlation study". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 59 (3): 238–42. doi:10.1136/jnnp.59.3.238. PMC 486019. PMID 7673948.
Kayser, A. S.; Sun, F. T.; D'esposito, M. (2009). "A comparison of Granger causality and coherency in fMRI-based analysis of the motor system". Human Brain Mapping. 30 (11): 3475–94. doi:10.1002/hbm.20771. PMC 2767459. PMID 19387980.
Assal, F. D. R.; Schwartz, S.; Vuilleumier, P. (2007). "Moving with or without will: functional neural correlates of alien hand syndrome". Annals of Neurology. 62 (3): 301–306. doi:10.1002/ana.21173. PMID 17638304. S2CID 14180577.
Goldberg, Gary; Bloom, Karen K. (1990). "The Alien Hand Sign". American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 69 (5): 228–38. doi:10.1097/00002060-199010000-00002. PMID 2222983.
Goldberg, Gary; Goodwin, Matthew E. (2011). "Alien Hand Syndrome". In Kreutzer, Jeffrey S.; DeLuca, John; Caplan, Bruce (eds.). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. pp. 84–91. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1877. ISBN 978-0-387-79947-6.
Spengler, S.; Von Cramon, D. Y.; Brass, M. (2009). "Control of shared representations relies on key processes involved in mental state attribution". Human Brain Mapping. 30 (11): 3704–18. doi:10.1002/hbm.20800. PMC 6870802. PMID 19517530.
Fried, Itzhak; Mukamel, Roy; Kreiman, Gabriel (2011). "Internally Generated Preactivation of Single Neurons in Human Medial Frontal Cortex Predicts Volition". Neuron. 69 (3): 548–62. doi:10.1016/juron.2010.11.045. PMC 3052770. PMID 21315264.
Denny-Brown, D (1958). "The nature of apraxia". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 126 (1): 9–32. doi:10.1097/00005053-195801000-00003. PMID 13514485.
Denny-Brown, Derek (1966). The Cerebral Control of Movement. The Sherrington Lectures. OCLC 599028587.[page needed]
Trevarthen, Colwyn (2011). "What is it like to be a person who knows nothing? Defining the active intersubjective mind of a newborn human being". Infant and Child Development. 20 (1): 119–35. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.475.9911. doi:10.1002/icd.689.
Akelaitis, Andrew J. (1945). "Studies on the corpus callosum: IV. Diagonistic dyspraxia in epileptics following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum". American Journal of Psychiatry. 101 (5): 594–9. doi:10.1176/ajp.101.5.594.
Gottlieb, D; Robb, K; Day, B (1992). "Mirror movements in the alien hand syndrome. Case report". American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 71 (5): 297–300. doi:10.1097/00002060-199210000-00009. PMID 1388978.
Geschwind, D. H.; Iacoboni, M.; Mega, M. S.; Zaidel, D. W.; Cloughesy, T.; Zaidel, E. (1995). "Alien hand syndrome: Interhemispheric motor disconnection due to a lesion in the midbody of the corpus callosum". Neurology. 45 (4): 802–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.45.4.802. PMID 7723974.
Park, Yong Won; Kim, Chang Hwan; Kim, Myeong Ok; Jeong, Hyung Joon; Jung, Han Young (August 2012). "Alien Hand Syndrome in Stroke - Case Report & Neurophysiologic Study -". Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine. 36 (4): 556–560. doi:10.5535/arm.2012.36.4.556. ISSN 2234-0645. PMC 3438424. PMID 22977783.
Goldberg, G.; Mayer, N. H.; Toglia, J. U. (1981). "Medial Frontal Cortex Infarction and the Alien Hand Sign". Archives of Neurology. 38 (11): 683–6. doi:10.1001/archneur.1981.00510110043004. PMID 7305695.
Seyfarth, H; Denny-Brown, D (1948). "The grasp reflex and the instinctive grasp reaction". Brain. 71 (2): 109–83. doi:10.1093/brain/71.2.109. PMID 18890913.
Apraxia and Related Syndromes at eMedicine
Kischka, U; Ettlin, TM; Lichtenstern, L; Riedo, C (1996). "Alien hand syndrome of the dominant hand and ideomotor apraxia of the nondominant hand". European Neurology. 36 (1): 39–42. doi:10.1159/000117198. PMID 8719649.
Nicholas, John J.; Wichner, Monica H.; Gorelick, Philip B.; Ramsey, Michael M. (1998). "'Naturalization' of the alien hand: Case report". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 79 (1): 113–4. doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90218-0. PMID 9440428.
Wu, FY; Leong, CP; Su, TL (1999). "Alien hand syndrome: report of two cases". Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi. 22 (4): 660–5. PMID 10695218.
Chan, JL; Ross, ED (1997). "Alien hand syndrome: influence of neglect on the clinical presentation of frontal and callosal variants". Cortex. 33 (2): 287–99. doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70005-4. PMID 9220259.
Banks, Gordon; Short, Priscilla; Martínez, Julio; Latchaw, Richard; Ratcliff, Graham; Boller, François (1989). "The Alien Hand Syndrome". Archives of Neurology. 46 (4): 456–9. doi:10.1001/archneur.1989.00520400116030. PMID 2705906.
Goldstein, Kurt (1908). "Zur Lehre von der motorischen Apraxie" [On the doctrine of the motor apraxia]. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie (in German). 11 (4/5): 169–187, 270–283.
Geschwind, Norman (1965). "Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. I". Brain. 88 (2): 237–94. doi:10.1093/brain/88.2.237. PMID 5318481.
Leader, Darian (21 May 2016). "Darian Leader: how technology is changing our hands". the Guardian. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
Barnett, Barbara (15 December 2010). Chasing Zebras: The Unofficial Guide to House, M. D. ECW Press. ISBN 9781554908097 – via Google Books.
"Discovery Science- Alien Hand Syndrome". Retrieved 8 June 2012.
"A Mind of Its Own". Rare Disease Review. Archived from the original on 2018-03-24. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
"Stories should matter, not the stars, says Karthiik".
"Emma Roberts and John Stamos Get Close in New 'Scream Queens' Promo".
"The Culture Inside (Invisibilia, Season 3, episode 3)". NPR. June 15, 2017.
Sankashta Kara Ganapathi, Achyuth Kumar, Likith Shetty, 2018-07-27, retrieved 2018-08-07