DNA复制不忠
DNA 校对是 DNA 聚合酶通过核酸外切酶酶促反应切除错误掺入的核苷酸的过程。 DNA 聚合酶无法纠正这些复制错误导致突变通过连续的细胞有丝分裂逐渐积累。
基因毒素
内源性细胞(例如自发的 5-甲基胞嘧啶脱氨导致 C>T 转换(遗传学))突变(参见 DNA 损伤(自然发生))
外源性/致癌物
紫外线辐射:UVB 辐射会直接导致 DNA 损伤,并且是已知的皮肤癌风险因素(例如黑色素瘤)
烷基化抗肿瘤药:这组化疗药物在DNA上添加烷基,引起DNA交联,干扰DNA复制和DNA修复。 癌细胞由于其高有丝分裂率而受到的影响最大。
烟草:烟草含有多种对 DNA 有害的致癌物质,包括多环芳烃、丙烯醛、亚硝胺、氰化物等(参见烟草对健康的影响)
DNA修复缺陷
同源重组缺陷(HRD):DNA双链断裂需要同源重组机制才能准确修复断点。
DNA 错配修复 (MMR) 缺陷:错配修复机制识别并修复错误的碱基对插入、缺失或错误掺入。
酶促 DNA 编辑
胞苷脱氨酶:该酶家族是先天免疫系统的一部分,参与逆转录病毒和转座子元件(包括内源性逆转录病毒)的控制。 这些酶(胞苷脱氨酶/CDA、活化诱导的胞苷脱氨酶和 APOBEC 蛋白家族)主动引起胞苷脱氨,因此引入 C>T 转换(遗传学)突变。
基因组数据
癌症突变特征分析需要来自癌症基因组测序和配对正常 DNA 测序的基因组数据,以创建特定肿瘤的肿瘤突变目录(突变类型和计数)。 可以单独或组合使用不同类型的突变(例如单核苷酸变异、插入缺失、结构变异)来模拟癌症中的突变特征。
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