多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是由于雌性雄激素(雄性激素)升高引起的一系列症状[4] [14]。 PCOS的体征和症状包括月经不规律或无月经,体重过重,身体和面部毛发过多,痤疮,骨盆疼痛,难以怀孕,以及厚厚,深色,天鹅绒般的皮肤斑块。[3]相关病症包括2型糖尿病,肥胖症,阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停,心脏病,情绪障碍和子宫内膜癌[4]。
PCOS是由遗传和环境因素共同造成的。[6] [7] [15]风险因素包括肥胖,缺乏体育锻炼以及有此病的人的家族史。[8]诊断基于以下三个发现中的两个:无排卵,高雄激素水平和卵巢囊肿。[4]超声波可以检测到囊肿[9]。产生类似症状的其他病症包括肾上腺增生,甲状腺功能减退和高血液催乳素水平[9]。
PCOS无法治愈。[5]治疗可能涉及改变生活方式,如减肥和运动。[10] [11]避孕药可能有助于改善月经的规律性,头发过度生长和痤疮。[12]二甲双胍和抗雄激素也可能有所帮助。[12]可以使用其他典型的痤疮治疗和脱毛技术。[12]提高生育能力的努力包括体重减轻,克罗米芬或二甲双胍。[16]一些其他措施无效的人使用体外受精。[16]
PCOS是18至44岁女性中最常见的内分泌疾病。[17]它影响该年龄组的约2%至20%,具体取决于其定义方式。[8] [13]当某人由于缺乏排卵而不能生育时,PCOS是最常见的原因。[4]关于现在被认为是PCOS的最早的已知描述可以追溯到1721年在意大利。[18]
超声图像上显示的多囊卵巢。
目录
1 症状和体征
2 原因
2.1 遗传学
2.2 环境
3 发病机制
4 诊断
4.1 定义
4.2 标准评估
4.3 相关条件
4.4 鉴别诊断
5 管理
5.1 饮食
5.2 药物治疗
5.3 不孕不育
5.4 多毛症和痤疮
5.5 月经不调
5.6 替代医学
6 预后
7 流行病学
8 历史
9 社会与文化
9.1 资金
9.2 命名
10 参考资料
体征和症状
进一步的信息:多囊卵巢综合症的不孕症
PCOS的常见体征和症状包括:
月经失调:PCOS主要产生月经稀发(一年内少于9个月经期)或闭经(连续三个月或更长时间没有月经期),但也可能发生其他类型的月经失调。[17]
不孕症:这通常直接导致慢性无排卵(缺乏排卵)。[17]
高水平的男性化激素:被称为高雄激素血症,最常见的症状是痤疮和多毛症(男性头发生长模式,如下巴或胸部),但它可能会产生痛经(严重和长时间的月经期),雄激素性脱发(增加头发稀疏或弥漫性脱发)或其他症状。[17] [19]大约四分之三的PCOS女性(根据NIH / NICHD 1990的诊断标准)有高雄激素血症的证据。[20]
代谢综合征:这似乎是中枢性肥胖和与胰岛素抵抗相关的其他症状的趋势。[17] PCOS患者的血清胰岛素,胰岛素抵抗和同型半胱氨酸水平较高[21]。
受PCOS影响的亚洲人比其他种族背景的人更不容易发展多毛症。[22]
患有PCOS的女性往往患有中心性肥胖,但相对于具有相同体重指数的生殖正常女性,PCOS女性的内脏和皮下腹部脂肪是否增加,不变或减少的研究相互矛盾。[23]在任何情况下,已发现雄激素如睾酮,雄甾酮(二氢睾酮)和癸酸诺龙都可增加雌性动物和女性的内脏脂肪沉积。[24]
原因
PCOS是一种不确定原因的异质性疾病。[25] [26]有证据表明它是一种遗传性疾病。这些证据包括病例家族聚集,单卵双胞胎与双卵双胞胎相比具有更大的一致性以及PCOS的内分泌和代谢特征的遗传性[7] [25] [26]。有证据表明,子宫内暴露于高于典型水平的雄激素和抗苗勒管激素(AMH)会增加晚年患PCOS的风险。[27]
遗传学
遗传成分似乎以常染色体显性遗传方式遗传,具有高遗传外显率,但在雌性中具有不同的表达能力;这意味着每个孩子有50%的机会从父母那里继承遗传性遗传变异体,如果女儿接受变异体,女儿将在某种程度上患上这种疾病。[26] [28] ] [29] [30]遗传变异体可以从父亲或母亲遗传,并且可以传递给两个儿子(可能是无症状携带者或可能有早期秃发和/或过度头发等症状)和女儿,显示PCOS的迹象。[28] [30]该表型似乎至少部分地通过来自具有等位基因的女性的卵巢卵泡卵泡膜细胞分泌的雄激素水平升高而表现出来。[29]受影响的确切基因尚未确定。[7] [26] [31]在极少数情况下,单基因突变可以引起该综合征的表型。[32]然而,目前对该综合征发病机制的理解表明,它是一种复杂的多基因疾病。[33]
PCOS症状的严重程度似乎主要取决于肥胖等因素[7] [17] [34]。
PCOS具有代谢紊乱的某些方面,因为其症状部分可逆。即使被认为是妇科问题,PCOS也包含28种临床症状。
尽管名称表明卵巢是疾病病理学的核心,但囊肿是一种症状,而不是疾病的原因。即使两个卵巢都被切除,PCOS的某些症状仍会持续存在;即使囊肿不存在,也可能出现这种疾病。自1935年Stein和Leventhal首次描述以来,诊断,症状和致病因素的标准受到争议。妇科医生经常将其视为妇科问题,卵巢是受影响的主要器官。然而,最近的见解显示多系统疾病,主要问题在于下丘脑的激素调节,并伴有许多器官。当有超声波证据时使用PCOD这个名称。使用术语PCOS是因为可能存在多种症状,并且只有15%的人看到卵巢囊肿。[35]
环境
PCOS可能与产前期间的暴露,表观遗传因素,环境影响(特别是工业内分泌干扰物[36],如双酚A和某些药物)和肥胖率上升有关[36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42]
发病
多囊卵巢
当卵巢被刺激产生过量的雄激素,特别是睾酮,通过以下一种或多种组合产生多囊卵巢(几乎可以肯定与遗传易感性相结合[29]):
垂体前叶释放过量黄体生成素(LH)
通过卵巢对这种刺激敏感的女性血液中的高胰岛素(高胰岛素血症)
由于超声检查多个(多)卵巢囊肿的共同征兆,该综合征获得了其最广泛使用的名称。这些“囊肿”实际上是未成熟的卵泡而不是囊肿。卵泡是从原始卵泡发育而来的,但是由于卵巢功能受到干扰,发育已在早期的胃窦阶段停止(“逮捕”)。卵泡可沿着卵巢周边取向,在超声检查中显示为“一串珍珠”。
患有PCOS的女性经历了下丘脑GnRH脉冲的频率增加,这反过来导致LH / FSH比率增加。[43]
大多数患有PCOS的女性患有胰岛素抵抗和/或肥胖。它们的胰岛素水平升高导致或引起下丘脑 - 垂体 - 卵巢轴中导致PCOS的异常。高胰岛素血症增加GnRH脉冲频率,LH超过FSH优势,卵巢雄激素生成增加,卵泡成熟减少,SHBG结合减少。此外,在组分cAMP信号传导的情况下通过其同源受体起作用的过量胰岛素通过PI3K上调17α-羟化酶活性,17α-羟化酶活性负责合成雄激素前体。高胰岛素血症的综合影响导致PCOS风险增加。[44]胰岛素抵抗是体重正常的女性和超重女性的常见发现。[10] [17] [21]
脂肪组织具有芳香酶,芳香酶是将雄烯二酮转化为雌酮,将睾酮转化为雌二醇的酶。肥胖女性中过量的脂肪组织产生了悖论,即过量的雄激素(导致多毛症和男性化)和雌激素(通过负反馈抑制FSH)。[45]
PCOS可能与慢性炎症有关[46],一些研究者将炎症介质与无排卵和其他PCOS症状联系起来[47] [48]。同样,PCOS与氧化应激水平之间似乎存在关联。[49]
先前有人提出,PCOS过量雄激素的产生可能是由于IGFBP-1的血清水平降低,反过来又增加了游离IGF-I的水平,从而刺激了卵巢雄激素的产生,但最近的数据得出结论,这种机制是不可能的。[50]
PCOS还与特定的FMR1亚基因型相关。该研究表明,具有杂合子正常/低FMR1的女性具有多囊样症状,即过度的卵泡活动和过度活跃的卵巢功能。[51]
如果选择将激素治疗作为性别表现的一部分,变性男性可能会因睾丸激素增加而出现高于预期的PCOS发病率[52] [53]。
诊断
不是所有患有PCOS的人都患有多囊卵巢(PCO),卵巢囊肿患者也不会患有PCOS;虽然盆腔超声是一种主要的诊断工具,但它不是唯一的。[54]即使该综合征与多种症状相关,使用鹿特丹标准也可以直接诊断。
经阴道超声扫描多囊卵巢
超声检查可见多囊卵巢
定义
通常使用两种定义:
NIH
1990年,由美国国立卫生研究院/国家人权机构赞助的共识研讨会表明,如果一个人拥有以下所有内容,他们就拥有PCOS:[55]
排卵过少
雄激素过量的迹象(临床或生化)
排除可能导致月经不调和雄激素过多症的其他疾病
鹿特丹
2003年由ESHRE / ASRM在鹿特丹举办的共识研讨会表明,如果满足3个标准中的任何一个,PCOS将在场,而其他实体可能不会导致这些结果[17] [56] [57]
寡体化和/或无排卵
过量的雄激素活性
多囊卵巢(通过妇科超声检查)
鹿特丹的定义范围更广,包括更多的女性,其中最值得注意的是没有雄激素过剩的女性。 批评者说,对雄激素过剩女性的研究得出的结果不一定能推断出没有雄激素过量的女性。[58] [59]
雄激素过量PCOS学会
2006年,雄激素过量PCOS协会建议收紧以下所有诊断标准:[17]
过量的雄激素活性
寡体化/无排卵和/或多囊卵巢
排除会导致雄激素活性过剩的其他实体
标准评估
历史记录,特别适用于月经模式,肥胖,多毛症和痤疮。临床预测规则发现,这四个问题可以诊断PCOS,敏感性为77.1%(95%可信区间[CI] 62.7%-88.0%),特异性为93.8%(95%CI 82.8%-98.7%)。 [60]
妇科超声检查,特别寻找小卵巢卵泡。这些被认为是排卵失败引起的卵巢功能紊乱的结果,这种情况反映在典型的月经不常或不存在的情况下。在正常的月经周期中,一个卵子从优势卵泡中释放出来 - 实质上是一个囊肿,它会破裂释放卵子。在排卵后,卵泡残余物转化为产生黄体酮的黄体,其在约12-14天后收缩并消失。在PCOS中,存在所谓的“滤泡逮捕”;即,几个卵泡发育到5-7毫米的大小,但不是更远。没有单个卵泡达到排卵前大小(16毫米或更多)。根据广泛用于诊断的鹿特丹标准,[10]超声检查应在卵巢中观察到12个或更多的小卵泡。[55]最近的研究表明,在一个卵巢中应该至少有25个卵泡,以指定它在18-35岁的女性中具有多囊卵巢形态(PCOM)。[61]卵泡可能位于周边,呈现出一串“珍珠”。[62]如果没有高分辨率的经阴道超声波检查机,卵巢体积至少10毫升被认为是多囊卵巢形态而不是卵泡计数的可接受定义。[61]
腹腔镜检查可以显示卵巢的增厚,光滑,珍珠白的外表面。 (如果出于某些其他原因进行腹腔镜检查,这通常是偶然的结果,因为以这种方式检查卵巢以确认PCOS的诊断是不常规的。)[引证需要]
血清(血液)雄激素水平(与雄性发育相关的激素),包括雄烯二酮和睾酮可能会升高。[17]脱氢表雄酮硫酸盐水平高于700-800μg/ dL高度提示肾上腺功能障碍,因为DHEA-S完全由肾上腺制成。[63] [64]游离睾酮水平被认为是最好的衡量指标[64] [65],约60%的PCOS患者表现出超常水平[20]。睾酮与性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)比例的游离雄激素指数(FAI)很高[17] [64]并且意味着是游离睾酮的预测因子,但这是一个很差的参数并且不是单独使用睾酮作为PCOS的标志物[66],可能是因为FAI与肥胖程度相关[67]。
其他一些血液检查是暗示但不是诊断性的。当以国际单位测量时,LH(促黄体激素)与FSH(卵泡刺激素)的比例在PCOS女性中升高。在月经周期的第3天测试,指定异常高LH / FSH比率的常见临界值为2:1 [68]或3:1 [64]。模式不是很敏感;在一项研究中,不到50%的PCOS女性患者的比例为2:1或更高。[68]性激素结合球蛋白水平通常较低,[64]尤其是肥胖或超重女性。[引证需要]
PCOS中抗苗勒管激素(AMH)增加,可能成为其诊断标准的一部分。[69] [70] [71]
相关条件
禁食生化屏和脂质谱[64]
对有风险因素(肥胖,家族史,妊娠期糖尿病史)的女性进行2小时口服葡萄糖耐量试验(GTT)[17]可能表明15-33%的PCOS女性葡萄糖耐量受损(胰岛素抵抗)[64]。 ]在患有这种疾病的女性中,65-68%患有弗兰克糖尿病。[引证需要]在正常体重和超重人群中都可以观察到胰岛素抵抗,尽管在后者中更常见(并且在符合更严格的NIH标准的人群中)用于诊断); 50-80%的PCOS患者可能在某种程度上具有胰岛素抵抗。[17]
空腹胰岛素水平或具有胰岛素水平的GTT(也称为IGTT)。胰岛素水平升高有助于预测对药物的反应,并可能表明女性需要更高剂量的二甲双胍或使用第二种药物来显着降低胰岛素水平。升高的血糖和胰岛素值无法预测谁对降低胰岛素的药物,低血糖饮食和运动有反应。许多正常水平的女性可能会从联合治疗中受益。两小时胰岛素水平较高且血糖低于禁食的低血糖反应与胰岛素抵抗一致。根据葡萄糖和胰岛素浓度的空腹值计算的称为HOMAI的数学推导允许直接和中等准确地测量胰岛素敏感性(葡萄糖水平x胰岛素水平/ 22.5)。[需要引证]
根据一项前瞻性对照试验,葡萄糖耐量试验(GTT)代替空腹血糖可以增加PCOS患者糖耐量受损和明显糖尿病的诊断。[72]虽然空腹血糖水平可能保持在正常范围内,但口服葡萄糖测试显示,多达38%的无症状女性PCOS(一般人群中为8.5%)实际上患有葡萄糖耐量受损,根据ADA指南,有7.5%患有明显糖尿病的人。[72]
鉴别诊断
其他导致月经不调和多毛症的原因,如甲状腺功能减退症,先天性肾上腺皮质增生症(21-羟化酶缺乏症),库欣综合征,高催乳素血症,雄激素分泌性肿瘤,以及其他垂体或肾上腺疾病,应该进行调查[17] [57] [64]
管理
PCOS的主要治疗方法包括:改变生活方式和药物治疗。[73]
治疗目标可分为四类:
降低胰岛素抵抗水平
恢复生育能力
治疗多毛症或痤疮
恢复正常的月经,预防子宫内膜增生和子宫内膜癌
在每个领域中,关于最佳治疗存在相当大的争议。 其中一个主要原因是缺乏比较不同治疗方法的大规模临床试验。 较小的试验往往不太可靠,因此可能产生相互矛盾的结果。
有助于减轻体重或胰岛素抵抗的一般干预措施对所有这些目标都是有益的,因为它们解决了被认为是根本原因的问题。
由于PCOS似乎会引起严重的情绪困扰,因此适当的支持可能是有用的。[74]
饮食
PCOS与超重或肥胖有关,成功减肥是恢复正常排卵/月经的最有效方法,但许多女性发现很难达到并维持显着的减肥效果。 2013年的一项科学审查发现,体重和身体成分的类似减少,怀孕率,月经规律,排卵,雄激素过多症,胰岛素抵抗,脂质和生活质量的改善与体重减轻无关,与饮食构成无关。[75]低GI饮食,其中大部分碳水化合物来自水果,蔬菜和全谷物来源,导致月经规律性大于常量营养素匹配的健康饮食。[75]
维生素D缺乏症可能在代谢综合征的发展中起一定作用,因此需要对任何此类缺陷进行治疗。[76] [77]然而,2015年的系统评价未发现维生素D补充剂减少或缓解PCOS代谢和激素失调的证据。[78]截至2012年,使用膳食补充剂纠正PCOS患者代谢缺陷的干预措施已经在小型,非对照和非随机临床试验中进行了测试;结果数据不足以推荐使用。[79]
药物
PCOS的药物包括口服避孕药和二甲双胍。口服避孕药增加性激素结合球蛋白的产生,增加游离睾酮的结合。这减少了由高睾酮引起的多毛症的症状,并调节了恢复正常的月经期。二甲双胍是一种常用于2型糖尿病的药物,用于降低胰岛素抵抗,并且在标签上(英国,美国,澳大利亚和欧盟)用于治疗PCOS中出现的胰岛素抵抗。在许多情况下,二甲双胍也支持卵巢功能并恢复正常排卵。[76] [80]螺内酯可用于其抗雄激素作用,外用乳膏依氟鸟氨酸可用于减少面部毛发。一种较新的胰岛素抵抗药物类,噻唑烷二酮(格列酮类),已显示出与二甲双胍相当的疗效,但二甲双胍具有更有利的副作用[81] [82]。英国国家健康与临床卓越研究所于2004年建议,当其他疗法未能产生结果时,PCOS女性和25以上体重指数的女性应给予二甲双胍。[83] [84]二甲双胍可能对每种类型的PCOS都无效,因此对是否应将其用作一般的一线治疗存在一些分歧。[85]除此之外,二甲双胍还有几种令人不快的副作用:包括腹痛,口腔金属味,腹泻和呕吐。[86]他汀类药物在治疗潜在代谢综合征中的应用仍不清楚。[87]
PCOS可能很难怀孕,因为它导致排卵不规律。尝试怀孕时诱导生育的药物包括排卵诱导剂克罗米芬或脉冲性亮丙瑞林。二甲双胍与克罗米芬联合使用可提高生育治疗的疗效。[88]二甲双胍在怀孕期间被认为是安全的(在美国怀孕B类)。[89] 2014年的一项综述得出结论,使用二甲双胍不会增加妊娠早期用二甲双胍治疗的妇女出现严重出生缺陷的风险。[90]利拉鲁肽可能比其他药物更能减轻体重和腰围。[91]
不孕不育
主要文章:多囊卵巢综合症的不育症
并非所有患有PCOS的女性都难以怀孕。对于那些做的人来说,无排卵或不经常排卵是常见原因。其他因素包括促性腺激素水平升高,高雄激素血症和高胰岛素血症[92]。与没有PCOS的女性一样,PCOS排卵的女性可能由于其他原因而导致不孕,例如由于性传播疾病史导致的输卵管堵塞。
对于PCOS超重无排卵妇女,减肥和饮食调整,特别是减少简单碳水化合物的摄入,与恢复自然排卵有关。
对于那些在减肥后仍然无排卵或无排卵的瘦女性的女性,那么药物来曲唑和克罗米芬柠檬酸盐是用于促进排卵的主要治疗方法。[93] [94] [95]以前,抗糖尿病药物二甲双胍被推荐用于无排卵治疗,但似乎不如来曲唑或克罗米芬有效。[96] [97]
对于对来曲唑或克罗米芬无反应的妇女以及饮食和生活方式改变,有一些选择,包括辅助生殖技术程序,如控制性卵巢过度刺激,卵泡刺激素(FSH)注射,然后进行体外受精(IVF)。
尽管手术并不常见,但多囊卵巢可以通过称为“卵巢钻孔”的腹腔镜手术治疗(用电灼,激光或活检针刺穿4-10个小卵泡),这通常会导致自发性排卵恢复[用克罗米芬或FSH辅助治疗后的排卵期[引证需要](由于粘连和常用药物的存在等并发症,不再使用卵巢楔形切除术。)然而,有关长期的担忧卵巢钻孔对卵巢功能的影响。[76]
多毛症和痤疮
更多信息:多毛症
在适当的时候(例如,在需要避孕的育龄妇女中),标准的避孕药通常可有效减少多毛症。[76]应该避免使用孕激素如炔诺孕酮和左炔诺孕酮,因为它们具有雄激素作用。[76]
其他具有抗雄激素作用的药物包括氟他胺,[98]和螺内酯[76],可以改善多毛症。二甲双胍可以减少多毛症,可能通过降低胰岛素抵抗,并且经常使用,如果还有其他特征,如胰岛素抵抗,糖尿病或肥胖,也应该从二甲双胍中获益。 Eflornithine(Vaniqa)是一种以霜剂形式涂抹于皮肤上的药物,可直接作用于毛囊,抑制毛发生长。它通常适用于脸部。[76]也可以使用5-α还原酶抑制剂(如非那甾胺和度他雄胺); [99]它们通过阻断睾酮转化为二氢睾酮(后者负责大多数毛发生长改变和雄激素痤疮)起作用。
尽管这些药物在临床试验中已显示出显着的疗效(对于口服避孕药,60-100%的个体[76]),毛发生长的减少可能不足以消除多毛症的社会尴尬,或拔毛的不便或剃须。个体对不同疗法的反应各不相同。如果一个人不起作用,通常值得尝试其他药物,但药物对所有人都不适用。
月经不调
如果生育不是主要目的,那么月经通常可以用避孕药来调节。[76]从本质上讲,调节月经的目的是为了女人的方便,也许是为了她的幸福感;只要经常发生,就没有常规时期的医疗要求。
如果不需要常规的月经周期,则不一定需要针对不规则周期的治疗。大多数专家说,如果月经出血至少每三个月发生一次,那么子宫内膜(子宫内膜)就会经常脱落,以防止子宫内膜异常或癌症的风险增加。[100]如果月经不常发生或根本不发生,建议使用某种形式的孕激素替代品。[99]另一种方法是每隔一段时间(例如每三个月)服用一次口服孕激素,以诱导可预测的月经出血。[需要引证]
替代药物
2017年的一篇综述得出结论,虽然肌醇和D-手性肌醇都可能调节月经周期并改善排卵,但缺乏对妊娠概率影响的证据。[101] [102] 2012年和2017年的一项审查发现,肌醇补充剂似乎可有效改善PCOS的几种激素紊乱[103] [104]。肌醇减少了体外受精妇女的促性腺激素释放量和控制性卵巢过度刺激的时间。[105] 2011年的一项综述发现没有足够的证据证明D-手性肌醇的任何有益作用。[106]没有足够的证据支持使用针灸。[107] [108]
预测
PCOS的诊断表明以下风险增加:
子宫内膜增生和子宫内膜癌(子宫内膜癌)是可能的,因为子宫内膜过度积累,以及缺乏黄体酮导致雌激素对子宫细胞的长期刺激[55] [109]。目前尚不清楚这种风险是由于综合征还是由相关的肥胖症,高胰岛素血症和雄激素过多症引起的。[110] [111] [112]
胰岛素抵抗/ II型糖尿病。 2010年发表的一项综述得出结论,PCOS女性患胰岛素抵抗和II型糖尿病的患病率升高,即使控制体重指数(BMI)也是如此[55] [113]。 PCOS也使女性,尤其是肥胖者,容易患上妊娠糖尿病。[引证需要]
高血压,特别是肥胖或怀孕期间[需要引证]
抑郁和焦虑[17] [114]
血脂异常 - 脂质代谢紊乱 - 胆固醇和甘油三酯。患有PCOS的女性表现出动脉粥样硬化诱导残余的减少,似乎与胰岛素抵抗/ II型糖尿病无关。
心血管疾病,[55]荟萃分析估计PCOS女性患有动脉疾病的风险相对于没有PCOS的女性的2倍,与BMI无关。[115]
中风[55]
体重增加
流产[116] [117]
睡眠呼吸暂停,特别是如果存在肥胖症
非酒精性脂肪肝,特别是如果存在肥胖症
黑棘皮病(手臂下,腹股沟区,颈背上的黑色皮肤斑块)[55]
自身免疫性甲状腺炎
整体而言,卵巢癌和乳腺癌的风险并未显着增加。[109]
流行病学
PCOS的患病率取决于诊断标准的选择。据世界卫生组织估计,截至2010年,它影响全球1.16亿妇女(3.4%的妇女)。[118]一项使用鹿特丹标准的社区流行率研究发现,大约18%的女性患有PCOS,其中70%以前未被诊断过。[17]
多囊卵巢的超声检查结果发现在8-25%未受该综合征影响的女性中[119] [120] [121] [122]。 14%的口服避孕药妇女被发现患有多囊卵巢。[120]卵巢囊肿也是左炔诺孕酮释放宫内节育器(IUD)的常见副作用。[123]
历史
1935年,美国妇科医生欧文·斯坦(Irving F. Stein)和迈克尔·莱文塔尔(Michael L. Leventhal)首次描述了这种病症,其原名是Stein-Leventhal综合征。[54] [55]
最早发表的描述一个人现在被认为是PCOS的是1721年在意大利。[18]卵巢囊肿相关的变化描述于1844年。[18]
社会与文化
资金
2005年,美国报告了400万例PCOS病例,医疗费用为43.6亿美元。[124] 2016年,National Institute Health的研究预算为323亿美元,其中0.1%用于PCOS研究。[125]
名称
该综合征的其他名称包括多囊卵巢综合征,多囊卵巢疾病,功能性卵巢雄激素过多症,卵巢高血压病,硬化性卵巢综合征和Stein-Leventhal综合征。 同名的最后一个选项是原始名称; 它现在被用于,如果有的话,仅用于具有不孕症,多毛症和多囊卵巢增大的闭经症状的女性子集。[54]
这种疾病最常见的名称来源于医学图像的典型发现,称为多囊卵巢。 多囊卵巢在其表面附近可见异常大量的卵,看起来像许多小囊肿。[54]
另见
Androgen-dependent syndromes
PCOS Challenge (reality television series)
参考
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