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子宫内膜上皮内瘤变

作者:大江 | 时间:2020-3-5 00:06:53 | 阅读:519| 显示全部楼层
子宫内膜上皮内瘤变(EIN)是子宫内膜的恶变前病变,易患子宫内膜样子宫内膜腺癌。它由一系列异常子宫内膜细胞组成,这些子宫内膜细胞来自子宫内膜的腺体,随着时间的推移,子宫内膜细胞倾向于发展为最常见的子宫癌形式-子宫内膜腺癌,子宫内膜样类型。

内容
1 历史
2 临床方面
3 生物学
4 诊断
5 参考

历史
从1990年代开始,通过分子,组织学和临床结果研究相结合,发现了EIN病变,该研究提供了该疾病的多方面特征。它们是以前称为“子宫内膜增生”的较大混合病灶的子集。[1] [2] EIN诊断方案旨在取代由世界卫生组织于1994年定义的先前的“子宫内膜增生”分类,根据其行为和临床管理将其分为良性(良性子宫内膜增生)和癌前性(EIN)类别。
EIN不应与不相关的实体浆液性上皮内癌(浆液性EIC)混淆,浆液性上皮内癌(浆液性EIC)是另一种称为乳头状浆液性腺癌的肿瘤的早期阶段,也发生在子宫内的同一位置。

临床方面
EIN诊断时的平均年龄约为52岁,而癌症的平均年龄约为61岁。然而,在所有女性中,EIN进展为癌症的时间范围和可能性并不恒定。一些EIN病例首先在已经患有癌症的女性中被发现为残留的癌前疾病,而其他EIN病变则完全消失并且从不导致癌症。因此,必须在经验丰富的医师的指导下针对每个患者进行个性化的治疗益处和风险。
EIN和子宫内****膜样类型子宫内膜癌发展的危险因素包括暴露于雌激素而没有相反的孕激素,肥胖症,糖尿病和罕见的遗传性疾病,例如遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌。保护因素包****括联合使用口服避孕药(低剂量雌激素和孕激素),以及事先使用避孕工具。

生物学
EIN病变表现出癌前或癌前病变的所有行为和特征。

EIN的癌前特征(表I)。 EIN病变的细胞在遗传上不同于正常和恶性组织,并且在光学显微镜下具有独特的外观。 EIN细胞已经是肿瘤性细胞,表现出单克隆生长方式和克隆分布的突变。 EIN进展为癌,实际上是从良性肿瘤向恶性肿瘤的转变,是通过获取其他突变并伴随着行为改变(以侵袭局部组织并转移到区域和远处的能力为特征)而实现的。

EIN生物标志物。 (图1)。没有单一的生物标志物可以完全识别EIN。抑癌基因PTEN在EIN中经常失活,在所有EIN病变的约2/3中异常关闭。这可以通过将特殊的组织染色剂应用于组织学切片(称为PTEN免疫组织化学)来观察到,在该组织切片中,棕色的PTEN蛋白在构成EIN病变的拥挤小管腺中不存在。

诊断
EIN病变的诊断具有重要的临床意义,因为增加了共存风险(39%的EIN女性将在一年内被诊断出患有癌症)或将来(与EIN的女性相比,长期子宫内膜癌的风险要高45倍)子宫内膜组织学只有良性)子宫内膜癌。诊断术语是病理学家,医生通过检查切除的组织的组织学制剂来诊断人类疾病的术语。 EIN诊断的关键区别是与良性疾病的分离,如良性子宫内膜增生(子宫内膜组织的场效应是由于荷尔蒙雌激素的过度刺激引起的)和癌症。
必须与EIN区别的疾病范围(表II)包括良性子宫内膜增生和癌:[2]

基于阶段

EIN可以由受过训练的病理学家通过检查子宫内膜的组织切片来诊断。必须在一个组织碎片的单个区域中满足以下所有诊断标准。

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