找回密码
 注册

抗凝物

作者:大江 | 时间:2020-6-13 00:01:03 | 阅读:848| 显示全部楼层
抗凝剂,通常称为血液稀释剂,是可防止或减少血液凝结,延长凝血时间的化学物质。其中一些天然存在于食血动物中,例如水蛭和蚊子,它们有助于使被咬区域保持足够长的凝结时间,以使动物获得一些血液。作为一类药物,抗凝剂用于血栓形成疾病的治疗。口服抗凝剂(OAC)以药片或片剂的形式被许多人服用,医院中使用了各种静脉抗凝剂。一些抗凝剂用于医疗设备,例如样品管,输血袋,心机和透析设备。第一种抗凝药华法林最初被批准用作杀鼠剂。

通过操纵各种凝血途径,抗凝剂与抗血小板药和溶栓药密切相关。具体而言,抗血小板药物抑制血小板凝集(聚集),而抗凝剂抑制凝血级联反应的特定途径,该途径在初始血小板凝集后发生,并最终导致血纤蛋白和稳定的聚集血小板产物形成。

常见的抗凝剂包括华法林和肝素。


内容
1 医疗用途
2 不良影响
3 互动
4 类型
4.1 香豆素(维生素K拮抗剂)
4.2 肝素及其衍生物
4.3 Xa因子的合成五糖抑制剂
4.4 直接作用的口服抗凝药
4.5 抗凝血酶蛋白疗法
4.6 其他类型的抗凝剂
5 逆转代理
6 凝血抑制剂的测定
7 实验室用途
8 长期服用抗凝剂的人的牙科注意事项
9 参考

医疗用途
抗凝剂的使用是根据抗凝剂的风险和益处做出的决定。抗凝治疗的最大风险是出血风险增加。在其他情况下健康的人中,出血的增加风险很小,但是最近进行过手术,脑动脉瘤和其他情况的人可能会有太大的出血风险。通常,抗凝的益处是预防或减少血栓栓塞性疾病的进展。已知可从治疗中受益的一些抗凝治疗适应症包括:

心房颤动-通常形成心房附件血块
冠状动脉疾病
深静脉血栓形成-可能导致肺栓塞
缺血性中风
高凝状态(例如,因子V Leiden)-可能导致深静脉血栓形成
机械心脏瓣膜
心肌梗塞
肺栓塞
支架再狭窄
体外循环(或其他任何需要暂时性主动脉阻塞的手术)
心脏衰竭
在这些情况下,抗凝疗法可以防止危险血凝块的形成或防止血凝块的生长。

开始治疗性抗凝的决定通常涉及使用多种出血风险可预测结果工具作为无创预测试分层,因为在血液稀释剂上可能会流血。这些工具包括HAS-BLED,ATRIA,HEMORR2HAGES和CHA2DS2-VASc。然后必须权衡使用上述风险评估工具的出血风险与血栓形成风险,以便正式确定患者在开始抗凝治疗中的总体获益。

不利影响
与抗凝剂相关的最严重和最常见的不良副作用是出血风险增加,包括非主要和主要出血事件。出血的风险取决于所用抗凝剂的种类,患者的年龄以及以前存在的健康状况。华法林估计每年的出血发生率为15-20%,威胁生命的出血率为每年1-3%。与华法林相比,新型的非维生素K拮抗剂口服抗凝药似乎减少了威胁生命的出血事件。此外,年龄在80岁以上的患者可能特别容易发生出血并发症,每100人年13处出血。由于所有NOAC在一定程度上都被肾脏排泄,因此在肾功能不全和NOAC治疗的患者中考虑出血风险尤为重要。因此,肾功能不全的患者出血风险更高。

在癌症患者中,一项系统的审查发现华法林对死亡率或血栓风险没有影响。但是,这确实增加了每1000人口中107人的重大出血风险和1000人口中167人的轻微出血风险。阿哌沙班对死亡率,血管血栓复发或大出血或小出血没有影响,但是这一发现仅来自一项研究。

非出血性不良事件比出血性不良事件少见,但仍应密切监测。华法林的非出血性不良事件包括皮肤坏死,肢体坏疽和紫趾综合症。在治疗的第三至第八天最常观察到皮肤坏死和肢体坏疽。皮肤坏死和肢体坏疽的确切发病机理尚不完全清楚,但被认为与华法林抑制蛋白C和蛋白S产生的作用有关。紫脚趾综合征通常在华法林治疗开始后三到八周发展。华法林的其他不良作用还与维生素K的消耗有关,维生素K的消耗可能导致G1a蛋白和生长停滞特异性基因6的抑制,这可能导致动脉钙化和心脏瓣膜的风险增加,尤其是如果存在过多的维生素D时。华法令对G1a蛋白的干扰也与怀孕期间接受华法令治疗的母亲的胎儿骨骼发育异常有关。长期服用华法林和肝素也与骨质疏松症有关。

与肝素使用相关的另一种潜在的严重并发症称为肝素诱导的血小板减少症(HIT)。 HIT有两种不同类型:1)免疫介导的和2)非免疫介导的。免疫介导的HIT最常见于接触肝素后五到十天。免疫介导的HIT的发病机理被认为是由与血小板上的血小板因子4 /肝素复合物结合的肝素依赖性免疫球蛋白抗体引起的,导致广泛的血小板活化。

互动
具有血液稀释作用的食品和食品补充剂包括纳豆激酶,激酶,啤酒,越桔,芹菜,小红莓,鱼油,大蒜,姜,银杏,人参,绿茶,栗子,甘草,烟酸,洋葱,木瓜,石榴,石榴,红三叶草,大豆,圣约翰草,姜黄,小麦草和柳树皮。许多草药补品具有淡化血液的特性,例如丹参和小白菊。抗凝剂的患者可以使用不与凝血相互作用的多种维生素。

但是,某些食物和补品会促进凝血。其中包括苜蓿,鳄梨,猫爪,辅酶Q10和菠菜等深色绿叶蔬菜。服用抗凝剂时应避免过量摄入上述食物,或者,如果监测凝结性,则应保持其摄入量大致恒定,以使抗凝剂的剂量保持足够高的水平,以抵消这种影响而不会引起凝结性的波动。

葡萄柚会干扰某些抗凝药,增加它们从体内代谢所需的时间,因此在服用抗凝药时应谨慎食用。

抗凝剂通常用于治疗急性深静脉血栓形成。使用抗凝剂治疗这种情况的人应避免使用卧床休息作为补充治疗,因为以这种方式使用抗凝剂继续行走并保持活动可带来临床益处。在没有医学上必要的情况下,使用抗凝剂卧床休息可能会伤害患者。

种类
有多种抗凝剂。传统药物(华法林,其他香豆素和肝素)被广泛使用。自2000年代以来,已经引入了许多药物,这些药物统称为直接作用口服抗凝剂(DOAC),新型口服抗凝剂(NOAC)或非维生素K拮抗剂口服抗凝剂。这些药物包括直接凝血酶抑制剂(达比加群)和凝血因子Xa抑制剂(利伐沙班,阿哌沙班,贝曲沙班和依多沙班),并且已被证明与香豆素同等或更好,副作用较小。新型抗凝剂(NOAC / DOAC)比传统抗凝剂更昂贵,应在患有肾脏问题的患者中谨慎使用。

香豆素(维生素K拮抗剂)
更多信息:维生素K拮抗剂
这些口服抗凝剂源自香豆素,在许多植物中都存在。该类别中最重要的成员是华法林(Coumadin),被发现是大型多专业实践中规定的主要抗凝剂。至少需要48到72个小时才能产生抗凝作用。如果需要立即起效,则必须同时给予肝素。这些抗凝剂用于治疗深静脉血栓形成(DVT),肺栓塞(PE)并预防房颤(AF)和机械人工瓣膜患者的栓子。其他实例是乙酰香豆酚,苯普鲁蒙,阿罗门汀和苯并二酮。

香豆素溴地那非和地非那克被用作灭鼠剂,但并未在医学上使用。

肝素及其衍生物
肝素是全世界使用最广泛的静脉临床抗凝剂。肝素是天然存在的糖胺聚糖。肝素主要分为三类:普通肝素(UFH),低分子量肝素(LMWH)和超低分子量肝素(ULMWH)。普通肝素通常来源于猪的肠和牛肺。 UFH与酶抑制剂抗凝血酶III(AT)结合,引起构象变化,从而导致其活化。然后,激活的AT使Xa因子,凝血酶和其他凝血因子失活。肝素可以在体内(通过注射)使用,也可以在体外使用,以防止血液或血浆凝结在医疗设备中或医疗设备上。在静脉穿刺时,装有肝素的Vacutainer品牌采血管通常有一个绿色的帽子。

低分子量肝素(LMWH)
低分子量肝素(LMWH)是通过普通肝素的受控解聚反应制得的。 LMWH表现出更高的抗Xa /抗IIa活性比,并且由于不需要监测APTT凝血参数且副作用较小而很有用。

Xa因子的合成五糖抑制剂
Fondaparinux是一种合成糖,由肝素中的五种糖(五糖)与抗凝血酶结合而成。它比低分子量肝素的分子小。
伊德拉帕林
伊达拉巴他星
直接作用的口服抗凝药
直接作用口服抗凝剂(DOAC)于2008年及之后推出。目前市场上有五种DOAC:达比加群,利伐沙班,阿哌沙班,依多沙班和贝曲沙班。它们以前也被称为“新型/新型”和“非维生素K拮抗剂”口服抗凝剂(NOAC)。

与华法林相比,DOAC起效快,半衰期相对较短。因此,它们可以更快,更有效地发挥作用,并允许药物迅速降低其抗凝作用。与华法林相比,DOAC的常规监测和剂量调整没有那么重要,因为它们具有更好的可预测的抗凝活性。

DOAC和华法林均等效,但与华法林相比,DOAC的药物相互作用较小,没有已知的饮食相互作用,治疗指数更广,并且常规剂量无需持续监测即可调整剂量。但是,与华法林不同,目前大多数DOAC尚无对策。尽管如此,DOAC的半衰期短将导致其影响迅速消退。达比加群的逆转剂依达珠单抗目前可以使用,并已获FDA批准使用。在开具这些药物的患者中,对DOAC的依从率仅略高于对华法林的依从性,因此尽管希望DOAC会导致更高的依从率,但对抗凝的依从性普遍较差。

考虑到与华法令相关的频繁血液检查的成本后,DOAC比华法令要昂贵得多。

直接因子Xa抑制剂
主要文章:直接Xa抑制剂
利伐沙班,阿哌沙班和依多沙班等药物可通过直接抑制Xa因子来发挥作用(与肝素和磺达肝癸钠不同,后者可通过抗凝血酶激活而起作用)。同样来自Portola Pharmaceuticals的贝曲西班,来自Astellas的darexaban(YM150),以及最近来自武田的来曲沙班(TAK-442)和来自辉瑞的eribaxaban(PD0348292)。贝曲西班具有重要意义,因为它是FDA批准用于急性病患者的唯一口服Xa因子抑制剂。 darexaban的研发于2011年9月终止:在双重抗血小板治疗(DAPT)之上预防心肌梗死复发的试验中,该药物未显示出疗效,出血风险增加了约300%。 II期研究结果阴性后,于2011年5月终止了letaxaban的开发,用于急性冠脉综合征。

直接凝血酶抑制剂
主条目:直接凝血酶抑制剂
另一类抗凝剂是直接凝血酶抑制剂。目前这类药物包括二价药物水rud素,瘦素和比伐卢定。单价药物argatroban和dabigatran。口服直接凝血酶抑制剂ximelagatran(Exanta)于2004年9月被美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)拒绝批准,并在有严重肝损伤和心脏病发作的报道后于2006年2月完全退出市场。 2010年11月,达比加群酯被FDA批准用于治疗房颤。

DOAC与牙科治疗的相关性
与任何侵入性手术一样,接受抗凝治疗的患者出血风险增加,因此应谨慎使用局部止血方法,以最大程度地减少手术期间和术后出血的风险。但是,对于DOAC和侵入性牙科治疗,还没有足够的临床证据和经验来证明这两者之间存在任何可靠的不良作用,相关性或相互作用。需要对DOAC进行进一步的临床前瞻性研究,以调查与牙科手术相关的出血风险和止血效果。

建议在牙科治疗之前修改DOAC的用法/剂量,这是基于每种操作的严重程度以及个体的出血风险和肾功能的平衡而提出的。由于牙科手术的出血风险较低,建议患者仍应照常服用DOAC药物,以免增加血栓栓塞事件的风险。对于具有较高出血并发症风险的牙科手术(即复杂的拔牙,相邻的拔牙导致大伤口或三个以上的拔牙),建议的做法是患者在此类手术之前错过或延迟剂量的DOAC,以最大程度地减少对出血风险的影响。

抗凝血酶蛋白疗法
抗凝血酶蛋白本身可用作蛋白质治疗剂,可以从人血浆中纯化或重组生产(例如,Atryn,它是在转基因山羊的牛奶中生产的)。

FDA批准抗凝血酶作为抗凝剂,用于预防遗传性抗凝血酶缺乏症患者在手术或分娩之前,期间或之后的血凝块。

其他类型的抗凝剂
存在许多其他抗凝剂,可用于研发,诊断或用作候选药物。

巴曲酶是蛇毒中的一种毒素,可凝结富含血小板的血浆而不影响血小板功能(溶解纤维蛋白原)。
Hementin是来自巨型亚马逊水ech Haementeria ghilianii唾液腺的抗凝蛋白酶。
维生素E
逆转代理
随着接受口服抗凝治疗的患者数量的增加,由于主要的出血事件以及对紧急抗凝治疗的需求,对逆转药物的研究越来越引起人们的兴趣。由于华法林的使用历史较长,并且能够通过测量INR(国际标准化比率)来更准确地测量患者的抗凝作用,因此,华法林的逆转剂得到了更广泛的研究,并且存在建立逆转的指导原则。通常,最常使用维生素K来逆转华法林在非紧急情况下的作用。但是,在紧急情况下,或在具有极高INR(INR> 20)的情况下,止血逆转剂(例如新鲜的冷冻血浆(FFP),重组因子VVIa和凝血酶原复合物浓缩物(PCC))已被证明具有疗效。特别是对于华法林,与FPP相比,四因子PCC(4F-PCC)在降低INR方面具有更好的安全性和死亡率优势。

尽管尚未对DOACs的特定解毒剂和逆转剂进行广泛研究,但依达西珠单抗(达比加群)和andexanet alfa(用于Xa因子抑制剂)已在临床环境中以不同的功效使用。伊达珠单抗是一种单克隆抗体,已于2015年获得美国FDA批准,可通过与游离和凝血酶结合的达比加群结合而逆转达比加群的作用。 Andexanet alfa是一种重组修饰的人类Xa因子诱饵,可通过在Xa因子抑制剂的活性位点结合并使其催化失活来逆转Xa因子抑制剂的作用。 Andexanet alfa于2018年获得了美国FDA的批准。另一种名为ciraparantag的药物,可能是直接Xa抑制剂的潜在逆转剂,目前仍在研究中。另外,止血逆转剂也已经以不同的效力用于逆转DOAC的作用。

凝血抑制剂测定
贝塞斯达单位(BU)是衡量凝血抑制剂活性的指标。在孵化期中使一半凝血剂失活的抑制剂的量。它是在美国使用的标准度量,之所以如此命名,是因为它是在马里兰州贝塞斯达的一次会议上被采用为标准的。

实验室用途
如果允许血液凝结,则实验室仪器,输血袋以及医疗和外科手术设备将被堵塞并无法使用。此外,用于实验室血液测试的试管中将添加化学药品以阻止血液凝结。除肝素外,大多数化学物质都通过结合钙离子起作用,从而阻止凝血蛋白使用它们。

乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)牢固且不可逆地螯合(结合)钙离子,从而防止血液凝结。
柠檬酸盐在试管中呈液体形式,用于凝血试验以及输血袋中。它与钙结合,但不如EDTA强。抗凝剂在血液中的正确比例是至关重要的,因为稀释后可以通过添加钙来逆转。它可以是柠檬酸钠或柠檬酸-葡萄糖的形式。
草酸盐的机制与柠檬酸盐类似。它是草酸氟试管中使用的抗凝剂,用于确定葡萄糖和乳酸水平。
长期服用抗凝剂的人的牙科注意事项
由于患者没有任何症状,牙科医生在通过口服表现早期发现抗凝药过量中起着重要作用。就侵入性牙科手术后出血并发症的潜在风险而言,对接受抗凝剂或抗血小板药物治疗的患者进行牙科治疗会增加安全性。因此,需要针对服用这些药物的患者进行牙齿护理的某些指南。

检测过量的抗凝剂

抗凝剂过量通常发生在有心脏问题且需要长期服用抗凝剂的人中,以降低其因高血压而患中风的风险。

建议使用国际标准化比率(INR)测试,以确认药物过量,以便可以将剂量调整到可接受的标准。 INR测试测量相对于标准品,血样在血样中形成所需的时间。

INR值为1表示凝血水平与未服用华法令的普通患者相同,而INR值大于1则表示凝血时间更长,因此出血时间也更长。

评估出血风险

评估出血风险有两个主要部分:

评估与所需牙科手术有关的可能出血风险
评估患者的个人出血风险
处理牙齿出血风险的一般建议

使用抗凝剂或抗血小板药物的患者可能会接受不太可能引起出血的牙科治疗,例如局部麻醉注射,基本牙龈检查,牙菌斑上方牙菌斑和牙垢的清除,牙龈上方的牙结石和污渍,牙龈上方的直接或间接填充物,根管治疗,为假牙或冠冠做印模以及正畸矫治器的安装或调整。对于所有这些程序,建议牙医按照正常的标准程序对患者进行治疗,并注意避免任何出血。

对于需要进行牙科治疗的患者,该患者更容易引起出血,例如拔牙简单(1-3颗牙齿,伤口小),引流口腔内的肿胀,牙周膜,根部刨平,直接或间接填充,延伸到牙龈下方,复杂的充盈,皮瓣抬高程序,牙龈重塑和活检,牙医除了标准程序外还需要采取额外的预防措施。建议如下:

如果患者患有其他疾病或正在服用其他可能增加出血风险的药物,请咨询患者的全科医生或专科医生
如果患者正在接受短期抗凝或抗血小板治疗,则应延迟非紧急的侵入性治疗,直到停药
如果可能的话,在一天和一周的早些时候计划治疗,以便有时间处理长时间的出血或再出血(如果发生)
尽可能无创伤地进行手术,使用适当的局部措施,并在确认止血后才出院
如果需要紧急护理的时间,应在初次治疗时特别强调采取避免并发症的措施
建议患者服用扑热息痛(除非有禁忌),以缓解疼痛,而不是使用非甾体抗炎药(例如阿司匹林,布洛芬,双氯芬酸或萘普生)
向患者提供书面的治疗后建议和紧急联系方式
遵循针对服用不同抗凝药或抗血小板药的患者的治疗的具体建议和意见
普遍同意,在大多数情况下,在进行牙科手术之前,不得更改使用较旧的抗凝剂(例如华法林)和抗血小板药物(例如氯吡格雷,噻氯匹定,普拉格雷,替格瑞洛和/或阿司匹林)的治疗方案。停止或减少这些药物治疗的风险(即血栓栓塞,中风,心肌梗塞)远远超过了长期出血的后果,可以通过局部措施加以控制。在患有其他现有医学状况,可能增加牙科治疗后长时间出血风险的患者或正在接受其他可能增加出血风险的疗法的患者中,牙科医生可能希望咨询患者的医生,以确定是否可以安全地在初级保健机构进行护理护理室。在进行牙科手术之前,任何建议的用药方案修改都应在患者医生的咨询和建议下进行。

根据有限的证据,普遍的共识似乎是,大多数正在接受较新的直接作用口服抗凝药(例如达比加群,利伐沙班,阿哌沙班或依多沙班)并接受牙科治疗(结合常规的局部治疗)的患者。 控制出血),无需更改抗凝方案。 对于被认为有较高出血风险的患者(例如,患有其他医疗状况或正在接受与较高出血风险相关的更广泛操作的患者),可以在征询患者医生的意见和建议后,考虑推迟治疗时间 手术后每天的抗凝剂剂量; 在最后一次抗凝剂使用后尽早进行牙科干预; 或暂时中断药物治疗24至48小时。

参考
"Anticoagulant medicines". nhs.uk. 2018-02-06. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
Azzopardi EA, Whitaker IS, Rozen WM, Naderi N, Kon M (October 2011). "Chemical and mechanical alternatives to leech therapy: a systematic review and critical appraisal". Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery. 27 (8): 481–6. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1284233. PMID 21780018.
Ha YR, Oh SR, Seo ES, Kim BH, Lee DK, Lee SJ (April 2014). "Detection of heparin in the salivary gland and midgut of Aedes togoi". The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 52 (2): 183–8. doi:10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.183. PMC 4028456. PMID 24850962.
Yoo, Hugo Hb; Nunes-Nogueira, Vania Santos; Fortes Villas Boas, Paulo J. (7 February 2020). "Anticoagulant treatment for subsegmental pulmonary embolism". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2: CD010222. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010222.pub4. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7004894. PMID 32030721.
Cohen AT, Hamilton M, Mitchell SA, Phatak H, Liu X, Bird A, et al. (2015-12-30). ten Cate H (ed.). "Comparison of the Novel Oral Anticoagulants Apixaban, Dabigatran, Edoxaban, and Rivaroxaban in the Initial and Long-Term Treatment and Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e0144856. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1044856C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144856. PMC 4696796. PMID 26716830.
Almutairi AR, Zhou L, Gellad WF, Lee JK, Slack MK, Martin JR, Lo-Ciganic WH (July 2017). "Effectiveness and Safety of Non-vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants for Atrial Fibrillation and Venous Thromboembolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses". Clinical Therapeutics. 39 (7): 1456–1478.e36. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.05.358. PMID 28668628.
Banfi G, Salvagno GL, Lippi G (2007-01-01). "The role of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as in vitro anticoagulant for diagnostic purposes". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 45 (5): 565–76. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2007.110. PMID 17484616.
Dobrovolskaia MA, McNeil SE (May 2015). "Safe anticoagulation when heart and lungs are "on vacation"". Annals of Translational Medicine. 3 (Suppl 1): S11. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.02.03. PMC 4437941. PMID 26046056.
Pirmohamed M (November 2006). "Warfarin: almost 60 years old and still causing problems". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 62 (5): 509–11. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02806.x. PMC 1885167. PMID 17061959.
Patel, S.; Singh, R.; Preuss, C. V.; Patel, N. (2020). "Warfarin". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29261922. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
Iqbal AM, Lopez RA, Hai O (2020). "Antiplatelet Medications". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30725747. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
Harter K, Levine M, Henderson SO (January 2015). "Anticoagulation drug therapy: a review". The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 16 (1): 11–7. doi:10.5811/westjem.2014.12.22933. PMC 4307693. PMID 25671002.
Winslow R, Johnson A (2007-12-10). "Race Is on for the Next Blood Thinner". Wall Street Journal. p. A12. Retrieved 2008-01-06. ...in a market now dominated by one of the oldest mainstay pills in medicine: the blood thinner warfarin. At least five next-generation blood thinners are in advanced testing to treat or prevent potentially debilitating or life-threatening blood clots in surgery and heart patients. First candidates could reach the market in 2009.
Djulbegovic M, Lee AI (September 2018). "An Update on the "Novel" and Direct Oral Anticoagulants, and Long-Term Anticoagulant Therapy". Clinics in Chest Medicine. 39 (3): 583–593. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2018.04.010. PMID 30122182.
Parks AL, Fang MC (July 2017). "Scoring Systems for Estimating the Risk of Anticoagulant-Associated Bleeding". Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 43 (5): 514–524. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1598061. PMID 28359135.
Zhu X (February 2017). "The hemorrhage risk of prophylactic external ventricular drain insertion in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients requiring endovascular aneurysm treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences. 61 (1): 53–63. doi:10.23736/S0390-5616.16.03244-6. PMID 25963956.
Banerjee K, Poddar K, Mick S, White J, Krishnaswamy A, Johnston D, et al. (November 2017). "Meta-Analysis of Usefulness of Anticoagulation After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation". The American Journal of Cardiology. 120 (9): 1612–1617. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.07.059. PMID 28844512.
"Blood Thinners". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
Sharma M, Cornelius VR, Patel JP, Davies JG, Molokhia M (July 2015). "Efficacy and Harms of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in the Elderly for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation and Secondary Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Circulation. 132 (3): 194–204. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013267. PMC 4765082. PMID 25995317.
Moustafa A, Ruzieh M, Eltahawy E, Karim S (2019). "Antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease". Avicenna Journal of Medicine. 9 (4): 123–128. doi:10.4103/ajm.AJM_73_19. PMC 6796304. PMID 31903386.
Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, Blaivas A, Jimenez D, Bounameaux H, et al. (February 2016). "Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report". Chest. 149 (2): 315–352. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.026. PMID 26867832.
Kapil N, Datta YH, Alakbarova N, Bershad E, Selim M, Liebeskind DS, et al. (May 2017). "Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Therapies for Prevention of Ischemic Stroke". Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 23 (4): 301–318. doi:10.1177/1076029616660762. PMID 27461564.
Skelley JW, White CW, Thomason AR (January 2017). "The use of direct oral anticoagulants in inherited thrombophilia". Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis. 43 (1): 24–30. doi:10.1007/s11239-016-1428-2. PMID 27734187.
Poli D, Antonucci E, Pengo V, Migliaccio L, Testa S, Lodigiani C, et al. (September 2018). "Mechanical prosthetic heart valves: Quality of anticoagulation and thromboembolic risk. The observational multicenter PLECTRUM study". International Journal of Cardiology. 267: 68–73. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.042. PMID 29957264.
Almony GT, Lefkovits J, Topol EJ (May 1996). "Antiplatelet and anticoagulant use after myocardial infarction". Clinical Cardiology. 19 (5): 357–65. doi:10.1002/clc.4960190506. PMID 8723593.
Konstantinides SV, Barco S, Lankeit M, Meyer G (March 2016). "Management of Pulmonary Embolism: An Update". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 67 (8): 976–90. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.11.061. PMID 26916489.
Dong Z, Zheng J (September 2017). "Anticoagulation after coronary stenting: a systemic review". British Medical Bulletin. 123 (1): 79–89. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldx018. PMID 28910988.
Lander H, Zammert M, FitzGerald D (September 2016). "Anticoagulation management during cross-clamping and bypass". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology. 30 (3): 359–70. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2016.07.002. PMID 27650345.
Thomas, Isac; EncisoSilva, Jorge; Schlueter, Michelle; Greenberg, Barry (2016), Bauersachs, Johann; Butler, Javed; Sandner, Peter (eds.), "Anticoagulation Therapy and NOACs in Heart Failure", Heart Failure, Springer International Publishing, 243, pp. 515–535, doi:10.1007/164_2016_126, ISBN 978-3-319-59658-7, PMID 28233177
Raschi E, Bianchin M, De Ponti R, De Ponti F, Ageno W (June 2017). "Emerging therapeutic uses of direct-acting oral anticoagulants: An evidence-based perspective". Pharmacological Research. 120: 206–218. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.026. PMID 28366835.
"HAS-BLED Score for Major Bleeding risk". MDCalc. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
"ATRIA Bleeding Risk". MDCalc. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
"HEMORR₂HAGES Score for Major Bleeding Risk". MDCalc. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
"CHA2DS2-VASc". MDCalc. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
Zhu W, He W, Guo L, Wang X, Hong K (September 2015). "The HAS-BLED Score for Predicting Major Bleeding Risk in Anticoagulated Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Clinical Cardiology. 38 (9): 555–61. doi:10.1002/clc.22435. PMC 6490831. PMID 26418409.
Yee J, Kaide CG (August 2019). "Emergency Reversal of Anticoagulation". The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 20 (5): 770–783. doi:10.5811/westjem.2018.5.38235. PMC 6754204. PMID 31539334.
Zareh M, Davis A, Henderson S (November 2011). "Reversal of warfarin-induced hemorrhage in the emergency department". The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 12 (4): 386–92. doi:10.5811/westjem.2011.3.2051. PMC 3236169. PMID 22224125.
Ageno W, Donadini M (November 2018). "Breadth of complications of long-term oral anticoagulant care". Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program. 2018 (1): 432–438. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.432. PMC 6245998. PMID 30504343.
Ageno W, Mantovani LG, Haas S, Kreutz R, Monje D, Schneider J, et al. (January 2016). "Safety and effectiveness of oral rivaroxaban versus standard anticoagulation for the treatment of symptomatic deep-vein thrombosis (XALIA): an international, prospective, non-interventional study". The Lancet. Haematology. 3 (1): e12-21. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(15)00257-4. PMID 26765643.
Hylek EM, Evans-Molina C, Shea C, Henault LE, Regan S (May 2007). "Major hemorrhage and tolerability of warfarin in the first year of therapy among elderly patients with atrial fibrillation". Circulation. 115 (21): 2689–96. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.653048. PMID 17515465.
Turpie AG, Purdham D, Ciaccia A (September 2017). "Nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant use in patients with renal impairment". Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease. 11 (9): 243–256. doi:10.1177/1753944717714921. PMC 5562140. PMID 28651452.
Weir MR, Kreutz R (October 2018). "Influence of Renal Function on the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Efficacy, and Safety of Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 93 (10): 1503–1519. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.06.018. PMID 30286834.
Kahale, Lara A; Hakoum, Maram B; Tsolakian, Ibrahim G; Matar, Charbel F; Barba, Maddalena; Yosuico, Victor ED; Terrenato, Irene; Sperati, Francesca; Schünemann, Holger; Akl, Elie A (2017-12-29). "Oral anticoagulation in people with cancer who have no therapeutic or prophylactic indication for anticoagulation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12: CD006466. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006466.pub6. ISSN 1465-1858. PMC 6389337. PMID 29285754.
Ageno W, Gallus AS, Wittkowsky A, Crowther M, Hylek EM, Palareti G (February 2012). "Oral anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines". Chest. 141 (2 Suppl): e44S–e88S. doi:10.1378/chest.11-2292. PMC 3278051. PMID 22315269.
Verhagen H (2009-04-24). "Local haemorrhage and necrosis of the skin and underlying tissues, during anti-coagulant therapy with dicumarol or dicumacyl". Acta Medica Scandinavica. 148 (6): 453–67. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1954.tb01741.x. PMID 13171021.
Weinberg AC, Lieskovsky G, McGehee WG, Skinner DG (August 1983). "Warfarin necrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the male external genitalia". The Journal of Urology. 130 (2): 352–4. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)51147-7. PMID 6876290.
Broekmans AW, Bertina RM, Loeliger EA, Hofmann V, Klingemann HG (June 1983). "Protein C and the development of skin necrosis during anticoagulant therapy". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 49 (3): 251. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1657378. PMID 6688309.
Grimaudo V, Gueissaz F, Hauert J, Sarraj A, Kruithof EK, Bachmann F (January 1989). "Necrosis of skin induced by coumarin in a patient deficient in protein S". BMJ. 298 (6668): 233–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.298.6668.233. PMC 1835547. PMID 2522326.
Talmadge DB, Spyropoulos AC (May 2003). "Purple toes syndrome associated with warfarin therapy in a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome". Pharmacotherapy. 23 (5): 674–7. doi:10.1592/phco.23.5.674.32200. PMID 12741443.
Raj K, Collins B, Rangarajan S (September 2001). "Purple toe syndrome following anticoagulant therapy". British Journal of Haematology. 114 (4): 740. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03107.x. PMID 11564060.
Adams J, Pepping J (August 2005). "Vitamin K in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis and arterial calcification" (PDF). American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 62 (15): 1574–81. doi:10.2146/ajhp040357. PMID 16030366.
Danziger J (September 2008). "Vitamin K-dependent proteins, warfarin, and vascular calcification". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 3 (5): 1504–10. doi:10.2215/CJN.00770208. PMC 4571144. PMID 18495950.
Pettifor JM, Benson R (March 1975). "Congenital malformations associated with the administration of oral anticoagulants during pregnancy". The Journal of Pediatrics. 86 (3): 459–62. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(75)80986-3. PMID 1113236.
Hall JG, Pauli RM, Wilson KM (January 1980). "Maternal and fetal sequelae of anticoagulation during pregnancy". The American Journal of Medicine. 68 (1): 122–40. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(80)90181-3. PMID 6985765.
Gage BF, Birman-Deych E, Radford MJ, Nilasena DS, Binder EF (January 2006). "Risk of osteoporotic fracture in elderly patients taking warfarin: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation 2". Archives of Internal Medicine. 166 (2): 241–6. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.2.241. PMID 16432096.
Baroletti SA, Goldhaber SZ (August 2006). "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia". Circulation. 114 (8): e355-6. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.632653. PMID 16923760.
Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, Koster A, Lincoff AM (June 2008). "Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition)". Chest. 133 (6 Suppl): 340S–380S. doi:10.1378/chest.08-0677. PMID 18574270.
Linkins LA, Hu G, Warkentin TE (October 2018). "Systematic review of fondaparinux for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: When there are no randomized controlled trials". Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2 (4): 678–683. doi:10.1002/rth2.12145. PMC 6178656. PMID 30349886.
Wittkowsky AK (September 2001). "Drug interactions update: drugs, herbs, and oral anticoagulation". Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis. 12 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1023/A:1012742628628. PMID 11711691.
Rui, Tian-Qi; Zhang, Liang; Qiao, Hong-Zhi; Huang, Ping; Qian, Shuai; Li, Jun-Song; Chen, Zhi-Peng; Fu, Ting-Ming; Di, Liu-Qing; Cai, Baochang (January 2016). "Preparation and Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Ginkgo Lactone Nanosuspensions for Antiplatelet Aggregation". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 105 (1): 242–249. doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2015.10.002. PMID 26852855.
Yun, Yeo-Pyo; Do, Jae-Ho; Ko, Sung-Ryong; Ryu, Shi-Yong; Kim, Jung-Hyo; Song, Ho-Cheol; Park, Young-Doo; Ahn, Kyoo-Seok; Kim, Sung-Hoon (October 2001). "Effects of Korean red ginseng and its mixed prescription on the high molecular weight dextran-induced blood stasis in rats and human platelet aggregation". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 77 (2–3): 259–264. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00303-8. PMID 11535373.
Choi, Songie; Oh, Dal-Seok; Jerng, Ui Min (2017-08-10). Borrelli, Francesca (ed.). "A systematic review of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of herbal medicine with warfarin". PLOS ONE. 12 (8): e0182794. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1282794C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182794. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5552262. PMID 28797065.
Kurnik, Daniel; Lubetsky, Aharon; Loebstein, Ronen; Almog, Shlomo; Halkin, Hillel (November 2003). "Multivitamin Supplements May Affect Warfarin Anticoagulation in Susceptible Patients". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 37 (11): 1603–1606. doi:10.1345/aph.1D102. ISSN 1060-0280. PMID 14565795.
Harder, Sebastian; Thürmann, Petra (June 1996). "Clinically Important Drug Interactions with Anticoagulants: An Update". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 30 (6): 416–444. doi:10.2165/00003088-199630060-00002. ISSN 0312-5963. PMID 8792056.
Lippi, Giuseppe; Mattiuzzi, Camilla; Franchini, Massimo (April 2016). "Vegetables intake and venous thromboembolism: a systematic review". Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis. 27 (3): 242–245. doi:10.1097/MBC.0000000000000427. ISSN 0957-5235. PMID 27023878.
"Avocado: Health Benefits, Uses, Side Effects, Dosage & Interactions". RxList. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
Dentali, Francesco; Crowther, Mark; Galli, Matteo; Pomero, Fulvio; Garcia, David; Clark, Nathan; Spadafora, Laura; Witt, Daniel; Ageno, Walter; for the WARPED Investigators (2016-05-27). "Effect of Vitamin K Intake on the Stability of Treatment with Vitamin K Antagonists: A Systematic Review of the Literature". Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 42 (6): 671–681. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1581105. ISSN 0094-6176. PMID 27232386.
"Warfarin Uses, Dosage, Side Effects". Drugs. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
Sullivan, Dawn M.; Ford, Marjorie A.; Boyden, Thomas W. (1998-08-01). "Grapefruit juice and the response to warfarin". American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 55 (15): 1581–1583. doi:10.1093/ajhp/55.15.1581. ISSN 1079-2082. PMID 9706183.
Di Nisio, Marcello; van Es, Nick; Büller, Harry R (December 2016). "Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism". The Lancet. 388 (10063): 3060–3073. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30514-1. PMID 27375038.
Koehl, Jennifer L; Hayes, Bryan D.; Al‐Samkari, Hanny; Rosovsky, Rachel (2020-01-23). "A comprehensive evaluation of apixaban in the treatment of venous thromboembolism". Expert Review of Hematology. 13 (2): 155–173. doi:10.1080/17474086.2020.1711731. ISSN 1747-4086. PMID 31958251.
American Physical Therapy Association (15 September 2014), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American Physical Therapy Association, retrieved 15 September 2014, which cites
Aissaoui N, Martins E, Mouly S, Weber S, Meune C (September 2009). "A meta-analysis of bed rest versus early ambulation in the management of pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, or both". International Journal of Cardiology. 137 (1): 37–41. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.06.020. PMID 18691773.
Anderson CM, Overend TJ, Godwin J, Sealy C, Sunderji A (2009). "Ambulation after deep vein thrombosis: a systematic review". Physiotherapy Canada. Physiotherapie Canada. 61 (3): 133–40. doi:10.3138/physio.61.3.133. PMC 2787576. PMID 20514175.
Di Minno, Alessandro; Frigerio, Beatrice; Spadarella, Gaia; Ravani, Alessio; Sansaro, Daniela; Amato, Mauro; Kitzmiller, Joseph P.; Pepi, Mauro; Tremoli, Elena; Baldassarre, Damiano (July 2017). "Old and new oral anticoagulants: Food, herbal medicines and drug interactions". Blood Reviews. 31 (4): 193–203. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2017.02.001. PMID 28196633.
Verdecchia, Paolo; Angeli, Fabio; Aita, Adolfo; Bartolini, Claudia; Reboldi, Gianpaolo (April 2016). "Why switch from warfarin to NOACs?". Internal and Emergency Medicine. 11 (3): 289–293. doi:10.1007/s11739-016-1411-0. ISSN 1828-0447. PMID 26972708.
Diener, Hans-Christoph; Ntaios, George; O’Donnell, Martin; Easton, J. Donald (2018-09-22). "Non-vitamin-K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) for the prevention of secondary stroke". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 19 (14): 1597–1602. doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1515913. ISSN 1465-6566. PMID 30152249.
Pol, Derk; Curtis, Claire; Ramkumar, Satish; Bittinger, Logan (April 2019). "NOACs Now Mainstream for the Use of Anticoagulation in Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation in Australia". Heart, Lung and Circulation. 28 (4): e40–e42. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2018.03.010. PMID 29861320.
Werdan K, Braun-Dullaeus R, Presek P (August 2013). "Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation: NOAC's the word". Deutsches Arzteblatt International. 110 (31–32): 523–4. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0523. PMC 3782018. PMID 24069072. Things have changed dramatically with the introduction of the new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) — dabigatran, a factor IIa (thrombin) inhibitor, and the factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban and apixaban. Clinical trials have shown them therapeutically superior, or at least non-inferior, to VKAs, with less serious side effects.
Heine, Gunnar H.; Brandenburg, Vincent; Schirmer, Stephan H. (2018-04-27). "Orale Antikoagulation bei chronischer Nierenerkrankung und Vorhofflimmern". Deutsches Aerzteblatt Online. 115 (17): 287–294. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2018.0287. ISSN 1866-0452. PMC 5974258. PMID 29789105.
Efird LE, Chasler J, Alexander GC, McGuire M (Jun 21, 2016). "Prescribing Patterns of Novel Anticoagulants Within a Statewide Multispecialty Practice". American Journal of Pharmacy Benefits. 8 (3): 97–102.
Linhardt RJ (June 2003). "2003 Claude S. Hudson Award address in carbohydrate chemistry. Heparin: 结构 and activity". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 46 (13): 2551–64. doi:10.1021/jm030176m. PMID 12801218.
Onishi A, St Ange K, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ (June 2016). "Heparin and anticoagulation". Frontiers in Bioscience. 21 (7): 1372–92. doi:10.2741/4462. PMID 27100512.
Casu B, Naggi A, Torri G (February 2015). "Re-visiting the 结构 of heparin". Carbohydrate Research. 403: 60–8. doi:10.1016/j.carres.2014.06.023. PMID 25088334.
Seo Y, Andaya A, Leary JA (March 2012). "Preparation, separation, and conformational analysis of differentially sulfated heparin octasaccharide isomers using ion mobility mass spectrometry". Analytical Chemistry. 84 (5): 2416–23. doi:10.1021/ac203190k. PMC 3296823. PMID 22283665.
Allingstrup M, Wetterslev J, Ravn FB, Møller AM, Afshari A (April 2016). "Antithrombin III for critically ill patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis". Intensive Care Medicine. 42 (4): 505–520. doi:10.1007/s00134-016-4225-7. PMC 2137061. PMID 26862016.
"Human medicines European public assessment report (EPAR): Pradaxa, dabigatran etexilate, Arthroplasty, Replacement,Venous Thromboembolism, Date of authorisation: 17/03/2008, Revision: 29, Status: Authorised". Case Medical Research. 2019-07-16. doi:10.31525/cmr-1321569. ISSN 2643-4652.
Douxfils J, Ageno W, Samama CM, Lessire S, Ten Cate H, Verhamme P, et al. (February 2018). "Laboratory testing in patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants: a practical guide for clinicians". Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 16 (2): 209–219. doi:10.1111/jth.13912. PMID 29193737.
Udayachalerm S, Rattanasiri S, Angkananard T, Attia J, Sansanayudh N, Thakkinstian A (September 2018). "The Reversal of Bleeding Caused by New Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 24 (9_suppl): 117S–126S. doi:10.1177/1076029618796339. PMC 6714855. PMID 30176738.
"Management of Dental Patients Taking Anticoagulants or Antiplatelet Drugs" (PDF). Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme. August 2015.
"Novel anticoagulants". Heart Matters Magazine. British Heart Foundation.
Clark NP (November 2018). "Role of the anticoagulant monitoring service in 2018: beyond warfarin". Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program. 2018 (1): 348–352. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.348. PMC 6246023. PMID 30504331.
Lekura J, Kalus JS (August 2018). "Overview of betrixaban and its role in clinical practice". American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 75 (15): 1095–1102. doi:10.2146/ajhp170785. PMID 29941506.
Steg PG, Mehta SR, Jukema JW, Lip GY, Gibson CM, Kovar F, et al. (October 2011). "RUBY-1: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the safety and tolerability of the novel oral factor Xa inhibitor darexaban (YM150) following acute coronary syndrome". European Heart Journal. 32 (20): 2541–54. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr334. PMC 3295208. PMID 21878434.
Dwyer J, Walsh C (May 2013). "First Time European Approval for Xarelto in ACS". Decision Resources. Archived from the original on 2014-07-19.
Di Nisio M, Middeldorp S, Büller HR (September 2005). "Direct thrombin inhibitors" (PDF). The New England Journal of Medicine. 353 (10): 1028–40. doi:10.1056/NEJMra044440. PMID 16148288.
"Exanta". Ask Dr. Stephan Moll. The Thrombophilia Awareness Project. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011.
"Exanta™ (ximelagatran) Study report summaries". AstraZeneca Clinical Trials. Archived from the original on 2006-03-18.
Manfredi M, Dave B, Percudani D, Christoforou J, Karasneh J, Diz Dios P, et al. (June 2019). "World workshop on oral medicine VII: Direct anticoagulant agents management for invasive oral procedures: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Oral Diseases. 25 Suppl 1 (S1): 157–173. doi:10.1111/odi.13086. PMID 31140701.
Bensi C, Belli S, Paradiso D, Lomurno G (July 2018). "Postoperative bleeding risk of direct oral anticoagulants after oral surgery procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis". International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 47 (7): 923–932. doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2018.03.016. PMID 29627150.
Costantinides F, Rizzo R, Pascazio L, Maglione M (January 2016). "Managing patients taking novel oral anticoagulants (NOAs) in dentistry: a discussion paper on clinical implications". BMC Oral Health. 16: 5. doi:10.1186/s12903-016-0170-7. PMC 4731944. PMID 26822674.
Kosyfaki P, Att W, Strub JR (August 2011). "The dental patient on oral anticoagulant medication: a literature review". Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 38 (8): 615–33. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2010.02184.x. PMID 21073495.
van Diermen DE, van der Waal I, Hoogstraten J (December 2013). "Management recommendations for invasive dental treatment in patients using oral antithrombotic medication, including novel oral anticoagulants". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 116 (6): 709–16. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2013.07.026. PMID 24120910.
Shi Q, Xu J, Zhang T, Zhang B, Liu H (2017-02-08). "Post-operative Bleeding Risk in Dental Surgery for Patients on Oral Anticoagulant Therapy: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 8: 58. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00058. PMC 5296357. PMID 28228727.
"Management of Dental Patients Taking Anticoagulants or Antiplatelet Drugs: Dental Clinical Guidance" (PDF). Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme.
"Thrombate III label" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-15.
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. "Fractionated Plasma Products - ATryn". www.fda.gov.
"Antithrombin (Recombinant) US Package Insert ATryn for Injection February 3, 2009" (PDF).
Tornkvist, Max; Smith, J. Gustav; Labaf, Ashkan (February 2018). "Current evidence of oral anticoagulant reversal: A systematic review". Thrombosis Research. 162: 22–31. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2017.12.003. PMID 29258056.
Hanley, J P (2004-11-01). "Warfarin reversal". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 57 (11): 1132–1139. doi:10.1136/jcp.2003.008904. ISSN 0021-9746. PMC 1770479. PMID 15509671.
Makris, M.; Greaves, M.; Phillips, W. S.; Kitchen, S.; Rosendaal, F. R.; Preston, E. F. (March 1997). "Emergency oral anticoagulant reversal: the relative efficacy of infusions of fresh frozen plasma and clotting factor concentrate on correction of the coagulopathy". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 77 (3): 477–480. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1655992. ISSN 0340-6245. PMID 9065997.
Chai-Adisaksopha, Chatree; Hillis, Christopher; Siegal, Deborah M.; Movilla, Ron; Heddle, Nancy; Iorio, Alfonso; Crowther, Mark (September 2016). "Prothrombin complex concentrates versus fresh frozen plasma for warfarin reversal A systematic review and meta-analysis". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 116 (11): 879–890. doi:10.1160/TH16-04-0266. ISSN 0340-6245. PMID 27488143.
Udayachalerm, Sariya; Rattanasiri, Sasivimol; Angkananard, Teeranan; Attia, John; Sansanayudh, Nakarin; Thakkinstian, Ammarin (December 2018). "The Reversal of Bleeding Caused by New Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 24 (9_suppl): 117S–126S. doi:10.1177/1076029618796339. ISSN 1076-0296. PMC 6714855. PMID 30176738.
Pakraftar, Sam (2014). "Dabigatran etixilate and traumatic brain injury: Evolving anticoagulants require evolving care plans". World Journal of Clinical Cases. 2 (8): 362–6. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v2.i8.362. ISSN 2307-8960. PMC 4133427. PMID 25133148.
Ryn, Joanne van; Stangier, Joachim; Haertter, Sebastian; Liesenfeld, Karl-Heinz; Wienen, Wolfgang; Feuring, Martin; Clemens, Andreas (2010). "Dabigatran etexilate – a novel, reversible, oral direct thrombin inhibitor: Interpretation of coagulation assays and reversal of anticoagulant activity". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 103 (6): 1116–1127. doi:10.1160/TH09-11-0758. ISSN 0340-6245. PMID 20352166.
Siegal, Deborah M.; Curnutte, John T.; Connolly, Stuart J.; Lu, Genmin; Conley, Pamela B.; Wiens, Brian L.; Mathur, Vandana S.; Castillo, Janice; Bronson, Michele D.; Leeds, Janet M.; Mar, Florie A. (2015-12-17). "Andexanet Alfa for the Reversal of Factor Xa Inhibitor Activity". New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (25): 2413–2424. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1510991. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 26559317.
Connolly, Stuart J.; Milling, Truman J.; Eikelboom, John W.; Gibson, C. Michael; Curnutte, John T.; Gold, Alex; Bronson, Michele D.; Lu, Genmin; Conley, Pamela B.; Verhamme, Peter; Schmidt, Jeannot (2016-09-22). "Andexanet Alfa for Acute Major Bleeding Associated with Factor Xa Inhibitors". New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (12): 1131–1141. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1607887. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 5568772. PMID 27573206.
Reed, Mirembe; Tadi, Prasanna; Nicolas, Diala (2020), "Andexanet Alfa", StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30137783, retrieved 2020-01-23
Ansell, Jack E.; Bakhru, Sasha H.; Laulicht, Bryan E.; Steiner, Solomon S.; Grosso, Michael A.; Brown, Karen; Dishy, Victor; Lanz, Hans J.; Mercuri, Michele F.; Noveck, Robert J.; Costin, James C. (February 2017). "Single-dose ciraparantag safely and completely reverses anticoagulant effects of edoxaban". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 117 (2): 238–245. doi:10.1160/TH16-03-0224. ISSN 0340-6245. PMC 6260118. PMID 27853809.
Eerenberg, Elise S.; Kamphuisen, Pieter W.; Sijpkens, Meertien K.; Meijers, Joost C.; Buller, Harry R.; Levi, Marcel (2011-10-04). "Reversal of Rivaroxaban and Dabigatran by Prothrombin Complex Concentrate: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study in Healthy Subjects". Circulation. 124 (14): 1573–1579. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.029017. ISSN 0009-7322. PMID 21900088.
Marlu, Raphael; Hodaj, Enkelejda; Paris, Adeline; Albaladejo, Pierre; Crackowski, Jean; Pernod, Gilles (2012). "Effect of non-specific reversal agents on anticoagulant activity of dabigatran and rivaroxaban: A randomised crossover ex vivo study in healthy volunteers". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 108 (8): 217–224. doi:10.1160/TH12-03-0179. ISSN 0340-6245. PMID 22627883.
"Bethesda Unit - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
"Bethesda unit". Biology Online. Retrieved 2009-02-14.
Schumacher HR (2000). Handbook of Hematologic Pathology. Informa Health Care. p. 583. ISBN 978-0-8247-0170-3.
"Management of Dental Patients Taking Anticoagulants or Antiplatelet Drugs – New guidance from SDCEP | Scottish Dental". Retrieved 2020-02-20.
您需要登录后才可以回帖 登录 | 注册
Copyright © 2011-2024 东莞市珍屯医疗科技有限公司Powered by zhentun.com
返回顶部