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急性播散性脑脊髓炎

作者:大江 | 时间:2020-8-5 00:06:13 | 阅读:658| 显示全部楼层
急性播散性脑脊髓炎(ADEM)或急性脱髓鞘性脑脊髓炎是一种罕见的自身免疫性疾病,其特征是大脑和脊髓发炎的突然广泛发作。除了引起大脑和脊髓发炎外,ADEM还攻击中枢神经系统的神经并破坏其髓鞘绝缘,从而破坏白质。它通常是由病毒感染或(非常罕见)特定的非常规疫苗接种触发的。

ADEM的症状类似于多发性硬化症(MS)的症状,因此该疾病本身被归类为多发性硬化临界疾病的分类。但是,ADEM具有与MS区别的几个功能。与MS不同,ADEM通常发生在儿童中,并伴有快速发烧,尽管青少年和成年人也可患此病。 ADEM由一次爆发组成,而MS在很长一段时间内都带有几次爆发(或复发)标记。据报道,在多达四分之一的患者中,发生ADEM后复发。但是,这些在ADEM之后的“多相”表现中,大多数可能代表MS。 ADEM还具有意识丧失,昏迷和死亡的特点,这在MS中非常罕见,除非是严重的情况。

每年每百万人口中约有8人受到影响。尽管它发生在各个年龄段,但大多数报道的病例是儿童和青少年,平均年龄在5至8岁左右。该病对男性和女性的影响几乎相同。 ADEM显示季节性变化,在冬季和春季月份发病率较高,这可能与这几个月内较高的病毒感染率相吻合。死亡率可能高达5%;但是,在50%到75%的病例中可以看到完全康复,存活率提高到70%到90%,并且还包括轻微的残障。从ADEM突发事件中恢复的平均时间为一到六个月。

ADEM在大脑和脊髓中产生多种炎症性病变,尤其是在白质中。通常在大脑半球,小脑,脑干和脊髓的皮质下和中央白质以及皮质灰白色交界处发现这些,但是皮层,丘脑和基底神经节的脑室白质和灰质也可能参与。

当一个人患有多于一个的ADEM脱髓鞘发作时,该疾病便称为复发性弥漫性脑脊髓炎或多相性弥漫性脑脊髓炎(MDEM)。另外,已经描述了成年人的暴发性病程。


最终显示出许多病变的ADEM。患者存活下来,但仍处于持续的植物状态

内容
1 体征和症状
2 原因
3 诊断
3.1 鉴别诊断
3.1.1 多发性硬化
3.1.2 多相性弥漫性脑脊髓炎
3.1.3 急性出血性白质脑炎
4 治疗
5 预后
5.1 运动缺陷
5.2 神经认知
6 研究
7 参考

体征和症状
ADEM具有突然发作和单相病程。症状通常在感染后1-3周开始。主要症状包括发烧,头痛,恶心和呕吐,精神错乱,视力障碍,嗜睡,癫痫发作和昏迷。尽管最初症状通常较轻,但在数小时至数天的时间内症状会迅速恶化,达到严重程度的平均时间约为四天半。其他症状包括偏瘫,轻瘫和颅神经麻痹。

原因
自发现针对多发性硬化症诊断的抗MOG特异性以来,人们认为ADEM是抗MOG相关性脑脊髓炎的可能临床原因之一

关于抗MOG抗体如何在患者血清中出现,有几种理论:

大约三分之二的人可以鉴定出先前的抗原攻击。被认为可诱发ADEM的一些病毒感染包括流感病毒,登革热,肠病毒,麻疹,腮腺炎,风疹,水痘带状疱疹,爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒,巨细胞病毒,单纯疱疹病毒,甲型肝炎,柯萨奇病毒和COVID-19。细菌感染包括炎支原体,伯氏疏螺旋体,钩端螺旋体和β-溶血性链球菌。
暴露于疫苗中:证明与ADEM相关的唯一疫苗是狂犬病疫苗的Semple形式,但已经涉及了乙型肝炎,百日咳,白喉,麻疹,腮腺炎,风疹,肺炎球菌,水痘,流感,日本脑炎和脊髓灰质炎疫苗。将疫苗接种与ADEM发作相关的大多数研究都使用小样本或案例研究。大规模流行病学研究(例如MMR疫苗或天花疫苗)并未显示接种疫苗后ADEM的风险增加。估计如果存在麻疹疫苗,则导致ADEM风险的上限为百万分之十,远远低于因实际麻疹感染而发展出ADEM的风险,即每千例中约有1例。对于风疹感染,风险是每5,000例中有1例。一些早期疫苗后来被证明被宿主动物CNS组织污染,其ADEM发病率高达600分之一。
在极少数情况下,ADEM似乎源于器官移植。
诊断
ADEM术语在不同时间使用不一致。当前,临床病例定义的公认国际标准是国际小儿MS研究小组(修订版2007)所发布的标准。

鉴于该定义是临床定义,目前尚不清楚所有ADEM​​病例是否均抗MOG自身抗体阳性,但无论如何似乎都与ADEM诊断密切相关。

鉴别诊断
多发性硬化症
尽管ADEM和MS均涉及自身免疫脱髓鞘,但它们在许多临床,遗传,影像学和组织病理学方面均存在差异。一些作者认为MS及其边界形式构成了一个光谱,仅在慢性,严重程度和临床过程上有所不同,而另一些作者则认为它们与疾病截然不同。

通常,ADEM会在抗原攻击后出现在儿童中,并保持单相。尽管如此,ADEM确实会在成人中发生,并且在临床上也可能是多相的。

由于缺乏对多发性硬化症的定义的共识,鉴别诊断的问题增加了。如果像麦当劳那样仅通过脱髓鞘病变的时间和空间上的距离来定义MS,那将不足以做出改变,因为有些ADEM病例可以满足这些条件。因此,一些作者提议以静脉周围病变的形状来建立分离线,因此是“多年生与融合性脱髓鞘”。


多发性硬化症患者的急性出血性白质脑炎。
ADEM的病理学与MS非常相似,但有所不同。 ADEM的病理学特征是静脉周围发炎,伴有“脱髓鞘过多”。然而,可能会出现MS样斑块(融合脱髓鞘)

MS中白质的斑块清晰可见,而ADEM中的神经胶质疤痕则光滑。轴突在ADEM病变中保存得更好。 ADEM中的炎症广泛传播且定义不清,最后,病变严格地是静脉性的,而在MS中,炎症则分布在静脉周围,但不那么尖锐。

然而,在一些人中静脉和汇合脱髓鞘的并发表明,成人急性弥漫性脑脊髓炎与多发性硬化之间的病原性重叠和分类错误,甚至在活检甚至死后ADEM都可以发展为MS

多相性弥漫性脑脊髓炎
当该人患有多于一次的ADEM脱髓鞘发作时,该疾病称为复发性弥漫性脑脊髓炎或多相性弥漫性脑脊髓炎(MDEM)。

已经发现抗MOG自身抗体与这种ADEM有关

已经描述了成人ADEM的另一种变体,也与抗MOG自身抗体有关,已被命名为暴发性弥漫性脑脊髓炎,据报道在临床上是ADEM,但在尸检时显示出MS样病变。它已被归类为与抗MOG相关的炎症性脱髓鞘疾病。

急性出血性白质脑炎
急性出血性白质脑炎(AHL或AHLE),急性出血性脑脊髓炎(AHEM),急性坏死性出血性白质脑炎(ANHLE),Weston-Hurst综合征或Hurst病是ADEM的一种超急性且经常致命的形式。 AHL相对罕见(截至2006年,医学文献中报道不到100例),在大约2%的ADEM病例中可见到AHL,其特征为坏死性小静脉血管炎,出血和水肿。死亡在第一周很常见,总死亡率约为70%,但是越来越多的证据表明,在积极应用皮质类固醇,免疫球蛋白,环磷酰胺和血浆置换治疗后,结局良好。大约70%的幸存者表现出残余的神经功能缺损,但考虑到受影响的白质的大小,一些幸存者表现出令人惊讶的不足。

这种疾病偶尔与溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩氏病,疟疾,与免疫复合物沉积,甲醇中毒和其他潜在疾病有关的败血症有关。也有与MS的轶事联系

支持AHL诊断的实验室研究包括:外周白细胞增多,与正常葡萄糖和蛋白质增加相关的脑脊髓液(CSF)胞吞。在磁共振成像(MRI)上,AHL的病变通常表现为广泛的T2加权和液体衰减倒置恢复(FLAIR)白质高信号,并伴有出血,明显水肿和肿块的区域。

治疗
目前尚无关于ADEM治疗的对照临床试验,但旨在迅速减轻CNS炎症的积极治疗是标准的。广泛接受的一线治疗是大剂量静脉注射皮质类固醇,例如甲基泼尼松龙或地塞米松,然后口服3到6周逐渐降低的泼尼松龙剂量。接受甲泼尼龙治疗的患者比接受地塞米松治疗的患者表现出更好的预后。持续时间少于三周的口服锥度复发的机会更高,并且预后也较差。据报道,其他抗炎和免疫抑制疗法也显示出有益的效果,例如血浆置换,大剂量静脉注射免疫球蛋白(IVIg),米托蒽醌和环磷酰胺。这些被认为是替代疗法,当无法使用皮质类固醇或未能显示出疗效时使用。

有证据表明,如果患者对甲基强的松龙和免疫球蛋白的组合均不能产生反应,则它们可能会对其产生反应。在一项针对16例ADEM儿童的研究中,有10例在大剂量甲基强的松龙完全治愈后康复,这是一种严重的病例,对反应无反应静脉注射Ig后类固醇完全恢复;用高剂量甲基强的松龙和免疫球蛋白联合治疗5例最严重的病例(ADAM和严重的周围神经病),其中2例仍然是截瘫,1例患有运动和认知障碍,2例康复。 IVIg治疗ADEM的最新评论(以前的研究占了大多数),发现70%的儿童在接受IVIg或IVIg加皮质类固醇治疗后显示完全康复。一项针对成人ADEM的IVIg治疗的研究表明,IVIg似乎在治疗感觉和运动障碍方面更有效,而类固醇似乎在治疗认知,意识和严谨性方面更有效。这项研究还发现一个受试者,一位对类固醇无反应的71岁男性,在疾病发作58天后对IVIg治疗产生了反应。

预后
在50%到70%的病例中可以看到完全康复,在70%到90%的康复范围内,还有一些轻微的残障(通常使用mRS或EDSS等方法进行评估),平均康复时间为一到六个月。死亡率可能高达5%-10%。结果差与对类固醇疗法的反应迟钝,异常严重的神经系统症状或突然发作有关。儿童往往比成人有更好的结局,而没有发烧的病例往往有较差的结局。后一种作用可能是由于发烧的保护作用,或者是在发烧时更迅速地寻求诊断和治疗。

ADEM可以升级为MS。如果某些病变出现在不同的时间和大脑区域,将被认为是MS

运动缺陷
残存的运动功能障碍估计在大约8%至30%的病例中仍然存在,严重程度从轻度笨拙到共济失调和偏瘫。

神经认知
患有脱髓鞘疾病的患者,例如MS,即使身体残疾极少,也表现出认知缺陷。研究表明,在ADEM后也能看到类似的效果,但这种缺陷的严重程度不如MS。在对平均年龄3.5年的恢复后,对6名患有ADEM​​的儿童(报告时的平均年龄为7.7岁)进行了一系列神经认知测试。所有六个孩子在大多数测试中的表现均处于正常范围内,包括言语智商和表现智商,但在至少一个认知领域中表现出低于年龄标准的至少一个标准差,例如复杂注意力(一个孩子),短期记忆(一个孩子)和内化行为/影响(两个孩子)。每个认知领域的分组均值均在年龄标准的一个标准偏差以内,表明作为一个组,它们是正常的。这些缺陷的严重程度不及诊断为MS的类似年龄儿童严重。

另一项研究比较了19位具有ADEM​​病史的儿童,其中10位当时是5岁或更小(平均年龄3.8岁,平均接受了3.9岁的测试),还有9位年龄较大(当时的平均年龄为7.7岁)对ADEM进行了平均2.2年的测试)和19个匹配的对照组。与起病晚(平均智商100)和对照组(平均智商106)相比,年轻发作的ADEM组(平均智商90)的智商测试和教育成绩得分较低,而晚期起病的ADEM儿童的口头处理得分较低速度。同样,所有组的均值均在对照组的一个标准偏差内,这意味着虽然效果在统计学上是可靠的,但儿童总体上仍在正常范围内。尽管有人暗示这可能至少部分是由于年轻时住院的压力,但在早期发病组中还存在更多的行为问题。

研究
ADEM与抗MOG相关性脑脊髓炎之间的关系目前正在研究中。已经提出了一个称为MOGDEM的新实体。

关于动物模型,MS的主要动物模型,实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)也是ADEM的动物模型。 EAE是一种急性单相性疾病,与MS相比,它与ADEM更相似。

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