口疮性口炎是一种常见病症,其特征在于在其他健康个体中反复形成良性和非传染性口腔溃疡(口疮)。非正式术语溃疡疮也被使用,主要在北美,虽然这也可能是指任何口腔溃疡。
原因尚不完全清楚,但涉及由多种因素引发的T细胞介导的免疫反应。不同的个体具有不同的触发因素,其可包括营养缺乏,局部创伤,压力,激素影响,过敏或遗传易感性。
这些溃疡周期性地发生并且在发作之间完全愈合。在大多数情况下,个体溃疡持续约7-10天,溃疡发作每年发生3-6次。大多数出现在口腔中的非角化上皮表面上(即除了附着的牙龈,硬腭和舌背之外的任何地方),尽管不太常见的更严重的形式也可能涉及角质化上皮表面。症状从轻微的滋扰到干扰饮食。严重的形式可能使人衰弱,甚至导致营养不良引起的体重减轻。
这种情况很常见,在一定程度上影响了大约20%的一般人群。[1]发病通常发生在儿童期或青春期,病情通常持续数年,然后逐渐消失。没有治愈方法,皮质类固醇等治疗方法旨在控制疼痛,缩短愈合时间,减少溃疡发作的频率。该术语来自希腊语:αφθα,translit。口疮意为“口腔溃疡”。
溃疡下唇疼痛
目录
1 症状和体征
2 原因
2.1 免疫
2.2 粘膜屏障
2.3 抗原敏感性
2.4 全身性疾病
3 诊断
3.1 分类
4 治疗
4.1 药物治疗
4.2 其他
5 预后
6 流行病学
7 历史,社会和文化
8 参考
体征和症状
唇侧粘膜上的口疮性溃疡(下唇缩回)。注意溃疡周围的红斑“晕”。
患有口疮性口炎的人没有可检测到的全身症状或体征(即口外)。[2]通常,症状可能包括前驱感觉,如灼热,瘙痒或刺痛,这可能先于任何病变出现几个小时;和疼痛,这通常与溃疡的程度不成比例,并且通过身体接触而恶化,特别是对于某些食物和饮料(例如,如果它们是酸性或磨蚀性的)。在溃疡初始形成后的几天内疼痛最严重,随着愈合的进展逐渐消退。[3]如果舌头上有病变,咀嚼可能会不舒服,软腭,喉咙或食道溃疡会导致吞咽疼痛。[3]迹象仅限于病变本身。
溃疡发作通常每年发生3-6次。[4]然而,严重疾病的特征在于几乎不断的溃疡(新病变在老病人愈合之前发展)并且可能导致使人衰弱的慢性疼痛并干扰舒适的进食。在严重的情况下,这会阻止足够的营养摄入,导致营养不良和体重减轻。[3]
口疮性溃疡通常以红斑性斑点(红色,粘膜平坦区域)开始,发展成溃疡,覆盖着可以刮掉的黄灰色纤维素膜。溃疡周围带有微红的“光环”。[5]溃疡形成发作的大小,数量,位置,愈合时间和周期性都取决于口疮性口炎的亚型。
原因
原因并不完全清楚[2],但被认为是多因素的。[6]有人认为,口疮性口炎不是一个单一的实体,而是一组原因不同的病症。[2]多项研究试图找出致病微生物,但口疮性口炎似乎是非传染性的,非感染性的,而且不是性传播的。[2]粘膜破坏被认为是T细胞(T淋巴细胞)介导的免疫反应的结果,其涉及白细胞介素和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的产生。[6]肥大细胞和巨噬细胞也参与其中,与T细胞一起分泌TNF-α。当早期口疮性溃疡进行活组织检查时,组织学表现为致密的炎性浸润,其中80%由T细胞组成。[5]口疮性口炎患者也有循环淋巴细胞,与热休克蛋白65-60的肽91-105发生反应[2],口疮性口炎患者外周血中CD4 + T细胞与CD8 + T细胞的比例降低[ 5]
口疮性口炎与其他自身免疫性疾病有关,即系统性红斑狼疮和炎症性肠病。然而,在大多数患者中未检测到常见的自身抗体,并且该病症趋于随着年龄的增长而自发消退而不是恶化。
T细胞介导的粘膜破坏机制的证据很强,但是这个过程的确切触发因素是未知的,并且被认为是多种不同的,并且因人而异。这表明存在许多可能的触发因素,每种触发因素都能够在不同的亚组中产生疾病。换句话说,不同的亚组似乎有不同的病因。这些可以在三个一般组中考虑,即原发性免疫失调,粘膜屏障的减少和抗原敏感性提高的状态(见下文)。[5]口疮性口炎的危险因素有时也被认为是宿主相关或环境因素。[7]
免疫
口疮性口炎患者中至少有40%的家族史阳性,这表明有些人在遗传上易患口腔溃疡[6]。 HLA-B12,HLA-B51,HLA-Cw7,HLA-A2,HLA-A11和HLA-DR2是与口疮性口炎相关的人白细胞抗原类型的实例。[2] [5]然而,这些HLA类型与病情不一致,并且也因种族而异。[8]口疮性口炎的家族史阳性的人往往会出现更严重的病情,并且比典型的年龄更早。[8]
压力对免疫系统有影响,这可以解释为什么有些病例与压力直接相关。人们经常说,在作为学生的患者的研究中,溃疡在检查期间会加剧,在休假期间会减少。[2] [5]或者,有人提出口腔功能障碍活动,如唇或颊咀嚼,在压力期间变得更加明显,因此粘膜受到更轻微的创伤。[8]
口疮样溃疡也发生在涉及全身性免疫失调的病症中,例如,循环中性粒细胞减少症和人类免疫缺陷病毒感染。在周期性中性粒细胞减少症中,在严重免疫失调期间发生更严重的口腔溃疡,并且潜在的中性粒细胞减少症的消退与溃疡的愈合有关。由CD4 + T细胞数量减少引起的CD8 + T细胞百分比的相对增加可能与HIV感染中的RAS型溃疡有关。[5]
粘膜屏障
粘膜的厚度可能是口疮性口炎的重要因素。通常,溃疡形成于口腔中较薄的非角质化粘膜表面上。减少粘膜厚度的因素增加了发生的频率,增加粘膜厚度的因素与溃疡的减少相关[5]。
与口疮性口炎(维生素B12,叶酸和铁)相关的营养缺乏都会导致口腔粘膜厚度减少(萎缩)。[5]
局部创伤也与口疮性口炎有关,并且已知创伤可以降低粘膜屏障。在口腔内注射局部麻醉剂期间,或者在牙科治疗期间,从口腔中的尖锐表面(例如断牙)或牙齿刷牙的摩擦创伤中可能发生创伤。[8]
激素因子能够改变粘膜屏障。在一项研究中,一小组患有口疮性口炎的女性在月经周期的黄体期或使用避孕药时出现较多的口疮性溃疡[2] [5]。该阶段与孕激素水平,粘膜增殖和角质化的下降有关。该亚组通常在怀孕期间经历缓解。然而,其他研究报告口疮性口炎与月经期,妊娠期或绝经期之间无相关性。[8]
口疮性口炎在吸烟者中并不常见[6] [9] [不可靠的医疗来源],并且习惯持续时间与病情严重程度之间也存在相关性。[10]烟草使用与口腔粘膜角化的增加有关。[5]在极端形式中,这可能表现为白斑或烟雾性口炎(吸烟者的角化病)。这种增加的角质化可以机械地增强粘膜并减少在轻微创伤后形成溃疡的倾向,或者对微生物和抗原提供更大的屏障,但是这还不清楚。众所周知,尼古丁可刺激肾上腺类固醇的产生,并减少TNF-α,白细胞介素-1和白细胞介素-6的产生。[8]无烟烟草产品似乎也可以防止口疮性口炎。[10]在以前未受影响的人中,口疮性口炎发作之前有时会停止吸烟,或者加剧已经患有口疮性溃疡的人的病情[2]。尽管存在这种相关性,但再次开始吸烟通常不会减轻病情。[11]
抗原敏感性
各种抗原触发因素被认为是一种触发因素,包括L型链球菌,单纯疱疹病毒,水痘 - 带状疱疹病毒,腺病毒和巨细胞病毒。[5]一些患有口疮性口炎的人可能会在粘膜上皮内显示疱疹病毒,但没有任何生产性感染。在一些人中,溃疡的发作与无症状的病毒脱落和病毒滴度升高同时发生[5]。
在某些情况下,复发性口腔溃疡可能是过敏反应的表现。[12]可能的过敏原包括某些食物(例如巧克力,咖啡,草莓,鸡蛋,坚果,西红柿,奶酪,柑橘类水果,苯甲酸盐,肉桂醛和强酸性食物),牙膏和漱口水。[7] [12]如果饮食过敏原是负责任的,那么口腔溃疡通常会在接触后12-24小时内发生。[7]
十二烷基硫酸钠(SLS),一些品牌的牙膏和其他口腔保健产品中的洗涤剂,可能会在某些人中产生口腔溃疡。[2]已经表明口疮性口炎在使用含有SLS的牙膏的人中更常见,并且当使用不含SLS的牙膏时会发生溃疡的一些减少。[8]有人认为,由于SLS几乎普遍用于口腔卫生产品,因此SLS引起的口疮性口炎不太可能存在真正的倾向。[8]
全身性疾病
与口疮样溃疡有关的系统性疾病[5]
Behçet病
腹腔疾病
循环中性粒细胞减少症
营养不足
IgA缺乏症
免疫妥协状态,例如HIV爱滋病
炎症性肠病
MAGIC综合症
PFAPA综合征
反应性关节炎
Sweet's综合症
急性外阴溃疡
主要文章:口腔溃疡
口疮样溃疡可能与几种全身性疾病有关(见表)。这些溃疡在临床和组织病理学上与口疮性口炎的病变相同,但这种类型的口腔溃疡并不被某些来源认为是真正的口疮性口炎[6] [13]。除了诸如结膜或生殖器粘膜之类的口腔之外,这些病症中的一些可能在其他粘膜表面上引起溃疡。全身状况的消退通常会导致口腔溃疡的发生频率和严重程度降低[5]。
Behçet病是口腔溃疡,生殖器溃疡和前葡萄膜炎的三联征。[7] Behçet病的主要特征是口疮样溃疡,但这通常比没有全身性原因的口疮性口炎更严重,并且通常类似于主要或疱疹性溃疡,或两者兼而有之。[6] [14]在25-75%的病例中,口疮样溃疡是该病的第一个征兆。[5] Behçet更常见于种族来自丝绸之路沿线地区(地中海和远东之间)的人。[15]在美国和英国等其他国家,它往往很少见。[7] MAGIC综合征是Behçet病的可能变种,并且与口疮样溃疡有关。这个名字代表“有发炎软骨的口腔和生殖器溃疡”(复发性多软骨炎)。[8]
PFAPA综合征是一种罕见的疾病,往往发生在儿童身上。[8]该名称代表“周期性发热,口疮,咽炎(喉咙痛)和宫颈腺炎”(颈部淋巴结炎症)。发热大约每3-5周发生一次。随着扁桃体切除术或免疫抑制,这种情况似乎有所改善,这表明存在免疫原因。[14]
在循环中性粒细胞减少症中,大约每21天发生血液中循环中性粒细胞水平的降低。机会性感染通常发生,在此期间口疮样溃疡最严重。[14]
单独或联合发生[7]并伴有或不伴有任何潜在的胃肠道疾病的血液缺乏症(维生素B12,叶酸和铁)可能是RAS患者的两倍。然而,铁和维生素补充剂很少改善溃疡。[14]与维生素B12缺乏的关系已成为许多研究的主题。虽然这些研究发现0-42%的复发性溃疡患者患有维生素B12缺乏症,但与缺乏症的关系很少见。即使在没有缺乏的情况下,由于机制不清楚,补充维生素B12可能会有所帮助。[16]血液缺乏可导致贫血,这也与口疮样溃疡有关。[6]
胃肠道疾病有时与口疮样口腔炎有关,例如:最常见的是乳糜泻,但也有炎症性肠病,如克罗恩病或溃疡性结肠炎。[6]胃肠道疾病和口疮性口炎之间的联系可能与吸收不良引起的营养缺乏有关[14]。不到5%的RAS患者患有乳糜泻,通常表现为严重的营养不良,贫血,腹痛,腹泻和舌炎(舌炎)[8]。有时类似口疮的溃疡可能是乳糜泻的唯一征兆。[8]尽管存在这种联系,但无麸质饮食通常不会改善口腔溃疡。[14]
与口疮样溃疡相关的全身性病症的其他例子包括反应性关节炎[6]和复发性多形性红斑[6]。
诊断
另见:口腔溃疡§诊断方法
照片比较:1)口腔溃疡 - 口腔内,2)疱疹,3)口角炎,4)嘴唇干裂。[17]
通常采用血液来评估血红蛋白,铁,叶酸和维生素B12水平
有时进行贴片测试。背部皮肤区域受到各种常见过敏原的刺激。引起炎症反应的那些也可能与复发性口腔溃疡有关
诊断主要基于临床表现和病史。[2]最重要的诊断特征是以相当规律的间隔复发,自愈性溃疡的病史。[18]尽管口腔溃疡的原因很多,但复发性口腔溃疡的原因相对较少,最常见的是口疮性口炎,但很少有白塞病,多形性红斑,溃疡伴有胃肠道疾病,[11] [18]和复发性口内单纯疱疹感染。对于突然发生复发性口腔溃疡且无既往病史的成年人,更可能出现全身性原因[14]。
可能需要进行特别调查以排除口腔溃疡的其他原因。这些措施包括排除贫血的血液检查,铁,叶酸或维生素B12或乳糜泻的缺乏。[7]然而,营养缺乏可能是潜在的,外周血图片可能看起来相对正常。[7]一些人认为筛查乳糜泻应成为抱怨复发性口腔溃疡的个体的常规工作的一部分。[8]许多全身性疾病除了口腔溃疡外还引起其他症状,这与口腔溃疡形成的口疮性口炎形成对比。如果怀疑过敏,可以指示斑贴试验(例如某些食物与溃疡发作之间的强烈关系)。几种药物可引起口腔溃疡(例如尼可地尔),替代药物的试验替代可能会突出因果关系。[2]
除非排除其他疑似病症,如口腔鳞状细胞癌,否则通常不需要进行组织活检。[18]组织病理学外观不是特征性的(微观外观不是特定于病症)。早期病变具有由纤维蛋白膜覆盖的溃疡中央区域。在溃疡深处的结缔组织中,存在血管增多和由淋巴细胞,组织细胞和多形核白细胞组成的混合炎性浸润。溃疡边缘的上皮显示海绵状突起,基底三分之一中有许多单核细胞。在溃疡附近较深的血管周围的结缔组织中也有淋巴细胞和组织细胞,在组织学上称为“血管周围箍带”。[5] [18]
分类
口疮性口炎已被列为一种非传染性口腔炎(口腔炎症)。[18]一种分类区分“普通单纯性口疮”,占95%,每年3-6次发作,愈合迅速,疼痛极小,口腔溃疡受限;和“复杂的口疮”,占5%的病例,除口腔外,生殖器粘膜上可能存在溃疡,愈合较慢,疼痛更严重。[4]一种更常见的口疮性口炎分类方法有三种变体,区别在于病变的大小,数量和位置,个体溃疡的愈合时间以及愈合后是否留下疤痕(见下文)。
轻微的口疮性溃疡
这是最常见的口疮性口炎类型,约占所有病例的80-85%。[7]该亚型被称为轻度口疮性溃疡(MiAU),[2]或轻微复发性口疮性口炎(MiRAS)。病变本身可称为轻度口疮或轻度口疮性溃疡。这些病变的直径通常小于10毫米(通常约2-3毫米),[7]并影响非角化的粘膜表面(即唇侧和颊侧粘膜,舌侧缘和口底)。通常同时出现几个溃疡,但单个溃疡是可能的。愈合通常需要七到十天,不留疤痕。在溃疡发作之间,通常存在可变长度的无溃疡期。[6]
主要口疮溃疡
这种亚型约占所有口疮性口炎的10%[5]。它被称为主要的口疮性溃疡(MaAU)或主要的复发性口疮性口炎(MaRAS)。主要的口疮性溃疡(主要的口疮)与轻度口疮性溃疡相似,但直径超过10毫米,溃疡更深。[5] [6]由于病变较大,愈合时间较长(约20至30天),并可能留下疤痕。每次溃疡发作通常会产生更多的溃疡,并且发作之间的时间比在轻度口疮性口炎中少。[5]主要的口疮性溃疡通常影响非角化的粘膜表面,但也可能涉及不太常见的角化粘膜,例如舌头的背部(顶部表面)或牙龈。[8]也可能涉及软腭或囟门(喉咙后部),[8]后者是口咽部分而不是口腔。与轻度口疮性溃疡相比,主要的口疮往往有不规则的轮廓。[7]
疱疹样溃疡
疱疹性溃疡[6](也称为疱疹性口炎,[19]或疱疹样溃疡)是口疮性口炎的一种亚型,因为病变类似于单纯疱疹病毒(原发性疱疹性牙龈炎)的原发感染。[5]然而,疱疹病毒溃疡不是由疱疹病毒引起的。与所有类型的口疮性口炎一样,它不具有传染性。与真正的疱疹性溃疡不同,疱疹性溃疡之前没有囊泡(小的,充满液体的水疱)。[8]疱疹性溃疡的直径小于1毫米,一次发生在不同大小的作物中,最多可达100个。相邻的溃疡可合并形成较大的连续溃疡区域。愈合发生在十五天之内,没有留下疤痕。[7]除非角质化之外,溃疡可能影响角化的粘膜表面。疱疹样溃疡通常非常疼痛,并且病变比轻微或主要的口疮溃疡复发更频繁。复发可能是如此频繁,以至于溃疡几乎是连续的。它通常发生在年龄稍大的年龄组,而不是其他亚型[8],而女性的受影响程度略高于男性。[2]
RAS型溃疡
与全身性病症相关的复发性口腔溃疡被称为“RAS型溃疡”,“RAS样溃疡”或“口疮样溃疡”。[2]口疮性口炎发生于没有相关全身性疾病的个体。[6]患有某些全身性疾病的人可能容易发生口腔溃疡,但这是继发于潜在的医学状况(参见系统性疾病部分)。[6]有些人认为这种溃疡与真正的口疮性口炎是分开的。[6] [13]但是,该定义并未严格应用。例如,许多来源是指因贫血和/或营养缺乏引起的口腔溃疡,如口疮性口炎,还有一些人认为Behçet病是一种变异。[5] [7]
治疗
绝大多数患有口疮性口炎的人症状轻微,不需要任何特定的治疗。在溃疡发作期间通过简单的饮食改变,例如避免辛辣和酸性食物和饮料,疼痛通常是可以忍受的。[3]已经提出了许多不同的局部和全身用药(见表),有时在正式调查时几乎没有显示有用的证据。[6] RAS干预的一些结果可能实际上代表安慰剂效应。[14]没有疗法是治愈性的,治疗旨在减轻疼痛,促进愈合并减少溃疡发作的频率。[6]
Medication
The first line therapy for aphthous stomatitis is topical agents rather than systemic medication,[6] with topical corticosteroids being the mainstay treatment.[2][14] Systemic treatment is usually reserved for severe disease due to the risk of adverse side effects associated with many of these agents. A systematic review found that no single systemic intervention was found to be effective.[6] Good oral hygiene is important to prevent secondary infection of the ulcers.[2]
Occasionally, in females where ulceration is correlated to the menstrual cycle or to birth control pills, progestogen or a change in birth control may be beneficial.[2] Use of nicotine replacement therapy for people who have developed oral ulceration after stopping smoking has also been reported.[8] Starting smoking again does not usually lessen the condition.[11] Trauma can be reduced by avoiding rough or sharp foodstuffs and by brushing teeth with care. If sodium lauryl sulfate is suspected to be the cause, avoidance of products containing this chemical may be useful and prevent recurrence in some individuals.[20] Similarly patch testing may indicate that food allergy is responsible, and the diet modified accordingly.[2] If investigations reveal deficiency states, correction of the deficiency may result in resolution of the ulceration. For example, there is some evidence that vitamin B12 supplementation may prevent recurrence in some individuals.[20]
Other
Surgical excision of aphthous ulcers has been described, but it is an ineffective and inappropriate treatment.[5] Silver nitrate has also been used as a chemical cauterant.[14] Apart from the mainstream approaches detailed above, there are numerous treatments of unproven effectiveness, ranging from herbal remedies to otherwise alternative treatments, including aloe vera, myrtus communis, Rosa damascena, potassium alum, zinc sulfate, nicotine, polio virus vaccine and prostaglandin E2.[2]
Prognosis
By definition, there is no serious underlying medical condition, and most importantly, the ulcers do not represent oral cancer nor are they infectious. However, aphthae are capable of causing significant discomfort. There is a spectrum of severity, with symptoms ranging from a minor nuisance to disabling.[3] Due to pain during eating, weight loss may develop as a result of not eating in severe cases of aphthous stomatitis. Usually, the condition lasts for several years before spontaneously disappearing in later life.[2]
Epidemiology
Aphthous stomatitis affects between 5% and 66% of people, with about 20% of individuals in most populations having the condition to some degree.[5][7] This makes it the most common disease of the oral mucosa.[18] Aphthous stomatitis occurs worldwide, but is more common in developed countries.[2]
Within nations, it is more common in higher socioeconomic groups.[2] Males and females are affected in an equal ratio, and the peak age of onset between 10 and 19 years.[6] About 80% of people with aphthous stomatitis first developed the condition before the age of 30.[5] There have been reports of ethnic variation. For example, in the United States, aphthous stomatitis may be three times more common in white-skinned people than black-skinned people.[14]
History, society and culture
"Aphthous affectations" and "aphthous ulcerations" of the mouth are mentioned several times in the treatise "Of the Epidemics" (part of the Hippocratic corpus, in the 4th century BC),[22] although it seems likely that this was oral ulceration as a manifestation of some infectious disease, since they are described as occurring in epidemic-like patterns, with concurrent symptoms such as fever.
Aphthous stomatitis was once thought to be a form of recurrent herpes simplex virus infection, and some clinicians still refer to the condition as "herpes" despite this cause having been disproven.[23]
The informal term "canker sore" is sometimes used, mainly in North America,[24] either to describe this condition generally, or to refer to the individual ulcers of this condition,[25] or mouth ulcers of any cause unrelated to this condition. The origin of the word "canker" is thought to have been influenced by Latin, Old English, Middle English and Old North French.[26] In Latin, cancer translates to "malignant tumor" or literally "crab" (related to the likening of sectioned tumors to the limbs of a crab). The closely related word in Middle English and Old North French, chancre, now more usually applied to syphilis, is also thought to be involved.[26] Despite this etymology, aphthous stomatitis is not a form of cancer but rather entirely benign.
An aphtha (plural aphthae) is a non specific term that refers to an ulcer of the mouth. The word is derived from the Greek word aphtha meaning "eruption" or "ulcer".[8] The lesions of several other oral conditions are sometimes described as aphthae, including Bednar's aphthae (infected, traumatic ulcers on the hard palate in infants),[27] oral candidiasis, and foot-and-mouth disease. When used without qualification, aphthae commonly refers to lesions of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Since the word aphtha is often taken to be synonymous with ulcer, it has been suggested that the term "aphthous ulcer" is redundant, but it remains in common use.[28] Stomatitis is also a non-specific term referring to any inflammatory process in the mouth, with or without oral ulceration.[29] It may describe many different conditions apart from aphthous stomatitis such as angular stomatitis.
The current most widely used medical term is "recurrent aphthous stomatitis" or simply "aphthous stomatitis".[3] Historically, many different terms have been used to refer to recurrent aphthous stomatitis or its sub-types, and some are still in use. Mikulicz' aphthae is a synonym of minor RAS,[8] named after Jan Mikulicz-Radecki. Synonyms for major RAS include Sutton's ulcers (named after Richard Lightburn Sutton), Sutton's disease,[30] Sutton's syndrome and pariadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens.[2][8] Synonyms for aphthous stomatitis as a whole include (recurrent) oral aphthae, (recurrent) aphthous ulceration and (oral) aphthosis.[5][13]
In traditional Chinese medicine, claimed treatments for aphthae focus on clearing heat and nourishing Yin.[31]
Rembrandt Gentle White toothpaste did not contain sodium lauryl sulfate, and was specifically marketed as being for the benefit of "canker sore sufferers". When the manufacturer Johnson & Johnson discontinued the product in 2014, it caused a backlash of anger from long term customers, and the toothpaste began to sell for many times the original price on the auction website eBay.[32][33]
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