泌尿生殖道瘘管是在尿道和膀胱,输尿管或尿道之间存在的异常管道。泌尿生殖道瘘管可发生在盆腔区域的任何器官和结构之间。瘘管可使尿液不断通过泌尿生殖道排出。这可能会导致严重的残疾,对性活动的干扰以及其他身体健康问题,其影响反过来可能会对精神或情绪状态产生负面影响,包括增加社会孤立感。[1]泌尿生殖道瘘的病因(医学原因)各不相同。瘘管通常是由于受伤或手术引起的,但也可能是由于恶性肿瘤,感染,分娩时间延长和受阻所致,并在分娩,子宫切除术,放射治疗或炎症中分娩。[1]分娩困难的瘘管中,有97%发生在发展中国家。先天性泌尿生殖道瘘极少;仅记录了十个案例。[2]阴道和胃肠系统器官之间也可能存在异常通道,这些通道也可以称为瘘管。[2]:673
内容
1 分类
2 原因
3 流行病学
4 治疗
5 直肠阴道瘘
6 参考
分类
在阴道与直肠瘘的情况下,阴道与膀胱,输尿管,子宫和直肠之间可能存在异常的通道或瘘管,从而导致尿液从阴道或肠道气体和粪便进入阴道。[1]这些阴道瘘根据缺损的起源来命名:
阴道阴道
尿道阴道
输尿管阴道
宫颈宫颈
子宫 [2] [3]
膀胱尿道阴道 [2]
子宫宫颈
宫颈宫颈
输尿管宫颈的
输尿管子宫
子宫 [2]
阴道很容易形成瘘管,因为胃肠道和泌尿系统相对靠近阴道。[4] 少数阴道瘘是先天性的。[5] 阴道瘘的存在对生活质量有深远的影响,因为几乎没有控制尿液和粪便通过阴道的途径。[6] [7]
泌尿生殖道瘘通常根据其原因进行分类:产科瘘,先天性瘘和医源性瘘。 泌尿生殖道瘘管可以按大小和更具体的解剖位置(例如“上阴道”或“阴道后壁”)进行分类。
原因
在发达国家,瘘管的病因是医源性的(由手术事故引起)。医师的错误和缺乏培训是导致发展中国家产科瘘治疗失败的原因。[8] [6]骨盆器官损伤是造瘘的原因。[8] [4]并非由分娩阻塞引起的大多数人因受伤而发展。例如,子宫切除术期间器械放置不当。[9]长期使用子宫托,[10]子宫切除术,恶性疾病和骨盆照射,[4] [11] [1]骨盆手术,癌症或骨盆骨折后,会形成瘘管。[4] [12]剖宫产后有时会发现瘘管。[8]提供者在进行产科或妇科手术时也会无意中引起瘘管。医生接受的培训越多,发生尿路阴道瘘的可能性就越小。一些妇女发育出不止一个瘘管。[8] [6]
流行病学
在全球范围内,泌尿生殖道瘘中有75%是阻塞性产科瘘。因长时间分娩而发展为瘘管的女性平均年龄为28岁。因其他原因而患上瘘管的女性平均年龄为42岁。[8]骨盆小的女性更容易形成瘘管。尽管很少见,但在不育治疗的微创卵母细胞取回部分后可能会形成瘘管。[13]由外科手术并发症引起的泌尿生殖道瘘(膀胱阴道瘘)的发生频率为每千分之0.8。[1]
治疗
通常需要外科手术来矫正通向阴道的瘘管。留置导管的保守治疗对小而新近形成的尿瘘有效。它的成功率为93%。[1] [4]使用了胶原蛋白塞,但发现不成功。[6]可以以不同的方式进行手术治疗以纠正。阴道手术成功率高达90%。可以通过腹部手术,腹腔镜和机器人辅助腹腔镜手术来完成手术矫正。[14]各种处理的频率不同。 39%的时间采用经阴道入路,36%的时间采用经腹/经膀胱入路,15%的泌尿生殖道瘘采用腹腔镜/机械手入路,3%的经腹-经阴道结合入路时间。[1]
直肠阴道瘘
大便异常通过阴道是由直肠阴道瘘引起的。[15] 通常使用组织移植物进行手术治疗。[15] [16] 肠道疾病的存在增加了直肠阴道瘘的风险。[15] 肠和阴道瘘可在肠和阴道之间形成。[17] 直肠阴道瘘是由炎症性肠病,克罗恩病创伤或医源性损伤和转移至其他器官引起的。[6] [18] 会阴切开术可导致直肠阴道瘘的形成。[18]
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